A Modified IEEE 118-Bus Test Case for Geomagnetic Disturbance Studies–Part I: Model Data

Haddadi, Aboutaleb; Rezaei-Zare, Afshin; Gérin-Lajoie, L.; Hassani, Reza; Mahseredjian, Jean

doi:10.1109/temc.2019.2920271

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Modelling of the GMD effects on power systems has played a vital role in the development of mitigation standards, and has been successful in dealing with phenomena ranging from astronomical to sub-meter scales, i.e. from development of the GIC predictions based on propagation of the solar eruptions (Pulkkinen et al, 2007), to the evaluation of the generation of harmonic currents (Haddadi et al, 2019a(Haddadi et al, , 2019b, and to the identification of "hot spots" inside transformers with use of finite element analysis (Price, 2002;Mousavi et al, 2011).…”

Section: Accepted Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…With a further increase in frequency, the spectra of harmonics (both third and sixth) are flattening. Because the appearance of even and odd harmonics signifies the nonlinear distortion of AC waveform of a transformer in half-cycle saturation (Gérin-Lajoie et al, 2019;Haddadi et al, 2019aHaddadi et al, , 2019b, the spectral flattening at frequencies above ∼60-70 mHz could also be related to the possible increase in the frequency response of a saturated transformer to the GIC (Boteler & Bradley, 2016), or/and it could be attributed to the poor signalto-noise resolution at low (<10 −4 ) amplitudes. The presented spectral amplitudes of harmonics rms values at a geophysical frequency range are based on the recordings made at only one transformer.…”

Section: Alternating Current-harmonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the severity of the geomagnetic storms (often referred as geomagnetic disturbance, GMD), significant geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) can be produced, followed by multiple negative effects ranging from voltage fluctuations to power blackouts and damage to transformers (see, e.g., Guillon et al, 2016;Molinski, 2002). Remarkable progress has been made in recent decades toward understanding the complete chain of phenomena, from the solar sources, through the geophysical responses, to the power system problems, which has resulted in the development of mitigation procedures and standards (North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Implementation Plan, 2018).Modeling of the GMD effects on power systems has played a vital role in the development of mitigation standards and has been successful in dealing with phenomena ranging from astronomical to submeter scales, that is, from development of the GIC predictions based on propagation of the solar eruptions (Pulkkinen et al, 2007), to the evaluation of the generation of harmonic currents (Haddadi et al, 2019a(Haddadi et al, , 2019b, and to the identification of "hot spots" inside transformers with use of finite element analysis (Mousavi et al, 2011;Price, 2002).…”

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Frequency Considerations in GIC Applications

Trichtchenko

2021

Space Weather

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Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) are a phenomenon well known for its negative effects on the operations of power systems. To efficiently mitigate them requires different types of power system modelling, from GIC to alternating current (AC) harmonic generation, to 3-dimensional finite-element models of transformers.GIC are initiated by variations of the geomagnetic field in the presence of the conductive Earth, i.e. the geophysical variables characterized by continuous frequency spectra, making GIC also exhibit continuous spectra. In order to adequately estimate their variations and peak values for mitigation purposes, an analysis is required of how sampling rate and spectral frequency content impact the measured characteristics of GIC and harmonics.The study is based on the geomagnetic measurements and the power network data (i.e. GIC and harmonics) with high sampling rates recorded during two geomagnetic storms, 31 March 2001 and 26-27 July 2004. Availability of data covering both the source and the result of geomagnetic storm impacts on power grid allows (1) analysis of the influence of spectral content on adequate representation of both geomagnetic and geoelectric variations during the intervals with significant increases in GIC and harmonics, and (2) identifying the sampling rate sufficient to usefully represent the network response presented as GIC and harmonics variations. In summary, the adequate sampling rate is suggested and the deficiencies associated with under-sampling of the geoelectric and GIC variations are identified and discussed.

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Section: Accepted Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Alternating Current-harmonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequency Considerations in GIC Applications

Trichtchenko

2021

Space Weather

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“…electromagnetic transient-based (EMT) [41,42], and load-flow-based (LF) [43][44][45][46], and transient stability (TS)-type methods [47,48]. The EMT method provides an accurate solution.…”

Section: Chapter 4 Dynamic Phasor-based Simulation Of Geomagnetic Dis...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of time-domain and phasor-domain methods for power system transients

Hassani

Mahseredjian

Tshibungu

et al. 2022

Electric Power Systems Research

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“…The presence of even and triplen harmonics due to saturating transformers under GMD conditions causes the misoperation of relays and improper operation of breakers controlling SVCs and capacitor banks. As a result, a threat is posed to the voltage stability of power systems [12], [13], [14], [15], [16]. The cumulative effects of transformer saturation and harmonic current flow result in reduced efficiency in the transfer of useful (real) power to the loads.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomagnetically Induced Currents: Frequency Spectra and Threats to Voltage Stability

et al. 2022

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Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) are induced after a complex interaction between the sun and earth's magnetic field. GICs may cripple power systems leading to voltage collapse and a drop in power quality. While the commonly-used dc model for GICs is valid for steady-state analyses of power systems and transformer responses, GICs must be represented with their continuously varying magnitudes and frequency components to understand the dynamic power system's response to solar storms. In this paper, we used measured GIC data from the 2003 Halloween storm to compare several signal processing techniques. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with a fixed window size, Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) with a variable window size, wavelet transform, and Particle-Swarm Optimization (PSO) methods were used to identify the GIC frequency characteristics. To understand the effects of these GIC characteristics on voltage stability, a multi-machine network was modelled on a digital real-time simulator (OPAL-RT). The results reveal the limitations of fixed window FFT in capturing the dominant high-frequency GIC bandwidth arising during peak solar activity. Wavelet and STFT are recommended for GIC data analysis as they provide timefrequency localization. High-frequency GICs during sudden storm commencements and pulsation activity are more of a concern for voltage stability than lower frequency components. Novel results from this study suggest that limiting contingency analysis to only high magnitudes of dc/GIC does not cater for the underlining GIC dynamics. In addition to magnitude thresholds, contingency analysis should incorporate GIC characteristics such as frequency which affect voltage dynamics and thus power system stability.

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A Modified IEEE 118-Bus Test Case for Geomagnetic Disturbance Studies–Part I: Model Data

Cited by 16 publications

References 24 publications

Frequency Considerations in GIC Applications

Frequency Considerations in GIC Applications

Evaluation of time-domain and phasor-domain methods for power system transients

Geomagnetically Induced Currents: Frequency Spectra and Threats to Voltage Stability

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