“…Because of the relevance of such applications, various numerical methods were proposed to approximate the solution of such OCP. We can mention the Legendre wavelets (Maleknejad and Ebrahimzadeh, 2014), Legendre polynomials (Tohidi and Samadi, 2013), discrete approximation (Belbas, 2007), variational equations (Belbas, 1999), hybrid functions (Mashayekhi et al, 2013), shifted Chebyshev series (Chou and Horng, 1987), and teaching-learning-based optimization methods (Khanduzi et al, 2018). In this study, a direct numerical approach based on the shifted Hahn polynomials (SHP) is developed for the solution of the OCP governed by fractional Volterra integro-differential equations (FVIDEs).…”