“…A linear function was used to load the specimen from zero to 5 kN, as a concentrated force on the tabbed composite adherend end. For stable quasi-static simulations in the explicit finite-element solver, judicious use of mass scaling or time/velocity scaling, or hybrid scaling is necessary [41][42][43]. In this study, time/velocity scaling, where the 5 kN load was applied in 25 ms, was employed.…”