Recent studies have established the
superior ice-nucleating abilities
of feldspars and the varying effects of inorganic solutes on their
ice-nucleating abilities. However, little is known about the mechanism
of ice nucleation by feldspar at the microscopic level as well as
how the presence of ionic solutes might alter feldspar surfaces and
hence influence ice nucleation. To explore these questions, we use
molecular dynamics simulations to examine the interactions of monovalent
cations (NH4
+, H3O+, Li+, K+, and
Cs+) with the (001), (010), and (100) surfaces of potassium
feldspar (microcline phase) at 300 K and the corresponding interfacial
water structure in supercooled solutions (230 K). Both semi-rigid
(only lattice K+ free to move) and fully flexible (all
lattice atoms free to move) microcline slabs are considered. On simulation
timescales, ion exchange between solution cations and lattice K+ is observed only for fully flexible slabs, where the release
of K+ is facilitated by lattice vibrations. The exchange
rates are strongly surface dependent. For both semi-rigid and flexible
surfaces, the surface densities of adsorbed polyatomic cations are,
in general, larger than those of the monoatomic spherical cations.
We do not observe any sign of ice nucleation on pristine or NH4
+-adsorbed/exchanged
microcline surfaces (both semi-rigid and flexible) at 230 K within
the simulation timescales. This contrasts with the laboratory experiments
and strongly suggests that simple, unreconstructed, planar surfaces
are not responsible for the excellent ice-nucleating ability of potassium
feldspar.