A Molecular Optical Channel Model Based on Phonon-Assisted Energy Transfer Phenomenon

Loscrì, Valeria; Unluturk, Bige D.; Vegni, Anna Maria

doi:10.1109/tcomm.2018.2865895

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…where FD(λ) is the donor emission spectrum with the total intensity normalized to one and εA(λ) is the acceptor molar extinction coefficient in the function of wavelength, which can be directly derived 1 In some cases, an energy transfer between molecules that are not matched spectrally is also possible; see the phenomenon called Phonon-Assisted Energy Transfer [16]. from the acceptor emission spectrum.…”

Section: Fret Phenomenon For Nanocommunicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signal generation and storage in FRET-based nanocommunications

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Kułakowski

et al. 2019

Nano Communication Networks

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The paper is concerned with Fӧrster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) considered as a mechanism for communication between nanodevices. Two solved issues are reported in the paper, namely: signal generation and signal storage in FRET-based nanonetworks. First, luciferase molecules as FRET transmitters which are able to generate FRET signals themselves, taking energy from chemical reactions without any external light exposure, are proposed. Second, channelrhodopsins as FRET receivers, as they can convert FRET signals into voltage, are suggested. Further, medical in-body systems where both molecule types might be successfully applied, are discussed. Luciferasechannelrhodopsin communication is modeled and its performance is numerically validated, reporting on its throughput, bit error rate, propagation delay and energy consumption. IntroductionWith the current rapid development of technology, electronic and mechanical devices can be much smaller than even a decade ago, at the same time gaining new operating functionalities. However, when the device scale goes to the size of single molecules, cooperation between such devices and contacting them from outside their networks become quite challenging issues. Fӧrster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), a phenomenon characterized by very small propagation delays and a good throughput, has already been proposed for nanocommunications [1] and has been proved to be an efficient mechanism for transferring data at nanodistances [2][3][4]. Research on FRET for nanocommunication purposes and its integration with other elements on nanoworld is though at an early stage.The main contribution of the paper is solving two issues that, until now, were not solved for FRETbased communications [5]. The first issue is concerned with FRET signal storage. A molecule receiving a FRET signal cannot hold it and the signal must quickly be released, usually emitting a photon. Here, we propose to use channelrhodopsins which are molecules that can be used as nanoconverters, changing FRET signals into a voltage which can be detected by other devices. The second issue concerns FRET signal generation. In FRET nanocommunication experiments so far, a FRET transmission was initiated by an external laser source, which is rather troublesome inside a human body. Instead, we propose bioluminescent luciferase molecules as FRET transmitters, which are able to generate FRET signals themselves, taking energy from chemical reactions. We further discuss medical in-body systems where such FRET-based communication between luciferases and channelrhodopsins might be applied. We consider a system of small vesicles, liposomes, circulating through human vascular system and collecting data about body condition. The data gathered by liposomes are delivered to a detector placed in a human vein. Data transmission is realized by a luciferase-channelrhodopsin FRET interface. We model layers of luciferase and channelrhodopsin molecules based on their molecular structures and then we use their spectral characteristics to assess the e...

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Section: Fret Phenomenon For Nanocommunicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signal generation and storage in FRET-based nanocommunications

Kmiecik

Wójcik

Kułakowski

et al. 2019

Nano Communication Networks

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“…Both molecules must be located close to each other, usually up to 10 nm. Also, they must be spectrally matched, i.e., the donor emission spectrum should, at least partially, overlap the acceptor absorption spectrum (there are however, some exceptions to this rule when the donor excitation energy is increased with so called phonon-assisted energy transfer [29]). The donor molecule can be excited in many ways, e.g., accepting a photon or using energy of a chemical reaction.…”

Section: Resonance Energy Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

Light Energy Driven Nanocommunications With FRET in Photosynthetic Systems

2021

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Chlorophylls and carotenoids, key components of photosynthetic systems, are proposed for molecular communications at the nanoscale with the mechanism of resonance energy transfer. Both types of pigments are introduced focusing on their exceptional properties like energy harvesting, ultra-low energy consumption during transmissions, picoseconds delays, an ability for signal conversions, and biocompatibility. The theoretical considerations are supported by two spectroscopic experiments on the photosystem II complex. The first experiment aims at the description of the photosystem II including calculation of the energy transfer efficiency between carotenoids and chlorophylls. In the second one, the photochemical efficiency is estimated, showing how effective the chlorophylls are in further energy processing. With the experimentally determined values, communication and energetic performance are analyzed, the probability of channel blockage is calculated and the energy consumption per bit is estimated. Treating carotenoid molecules as transmitters, chlorophylls as receivers, and the energy transfer between them as a way to encode information, a throughput up to 1 Gbit/s is achievable with a bit error rate below 10-3 , average transmission delays about 20 ps, and energy consumption c.a. 2.0×10-18 J/bit. These results indicate a high potential of photosynthetic systems for nanocommunications and other related applications, due to suitable energetic characteristics in terms of energy harvesting abilities and low consumption for data transmissions.

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“…One should note that FRET occurs only between spectrally matched molecules, i.e., when the nanotransmitter's emission spectrum overlaps the nano-receiver's absorption one. However, if needed, the spectral gap between the molecules can be filled in by using phonon-assisted energy transfer [9].…”

Section: Nano-communication Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Nano-Communications to Body Area Networks: A Perspective on Truly Personal Communications

2020

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This paper presents an overview of future truly personal communications, ranging from networking inside the human body to the exchange of data with external wireless devices in the surrounding environment. At the nano-and micro-scales, communications can be realized with the aid of molecular mechanisms, Förster resonance energy transfer phenomenon, electromagnetic or ultrasound waves. At a larger scale, in the domain of Body Area Networks, a wide range of communication mechanisms is available, including smart-textiles, inductive-and body-couplings, ultrasounds, optical and wireless radio transmissions, a number of mature technologies existing already. The main goal of this paper is to identify the potential mechanisms that can be exploited to provide interfaces in between nano-and micro-scale systems and Body Area Networks. These interfaces have to bridge the existing gap between the two worlds, in order to allow for truly personal communication systems to become a reality. The extraordinary applications of such systems are also discussed, as they are strong drivers of the research in this area. INDEX TERMS Body Area Networks, Communication Interfaces, Nano-Networks, Molecular Communications, Personal Communications. I. INTRODUCTION The several successive generations of mobile cellular and wireless communications have been aiming at a single goal: to provide connectivity to people at their own pleasure. It started with the famous "anytime, anywhere" motto in the 1 st Generation of voice-only mobile cellular communications, and since then it has evolved to the provision of data and multimedia everywhere and with a decreasing delay. In addition to satisfying the anticipated data rate requirements, the incoming 5 th Generation aims at two other key goals: to reduce transmission latency and to substantially increase network capacity. These two goals are not improving the direct user's experience, but rather enabling machine-based applications and services. So, somehow, the further evolution of mobile and wireless communications has to eventually address the truly personal dimension of communications, i.e., the exchange of information within, around, and outside the body. Body area networks (BANs), accommodating such communication scenarios, have been gaining considerable attention recently. However, for truly personal communication systems, one needs to encompass nanonetworks [1], to allow for the exchange of information among devices inside the human body, by exploiting mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels. At the nanoscale, communications are performed by using molecules or molecular structures with specific properties, such as photoactive fluorophores or channelrhodopsins, antibodies (proteins), moving bacteria or waves of ions at different scales, as shown in Fig. 1. Of course, this ultrawide range of communication mechanisms introduces a number of challenges, including those related to power supply, propagation delay, and throughput, among many others. These challenges need to be addressed from the te...

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A Molecular Optical Channel Model Based on Phonon-Assisted Energy Transfer Phenomenon

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

Signal generation and storage in FRET-based nanocommunications

Signal generation and storage in FRET-based nanocommunications

Light Energy Driven Nanocommunications With FRET in Photosynthetic Systems

From Nano-Communications to Body Area Networks: A Perspective on Truly Personal Communications

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