A monopole antenna with cotton fabric material for wearable applications

Abstract

A monopole antenna operated at 2.45 GHz and embedded with artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) for wearable communication systems is investigated in this article. The proposed antenna is composed of a metalized loop radiator with a coplanar waveguide microstrip feedline which is affixed on a cotton fabric material substrate. As well, a cotton-based AMC surface is utilized to eliminate the body’s absorbed radiation and enhance the gain of the antenna. It is composed of 5 × 5 array unit cells etched with I-shaped slots. Using this configuration, simulations show that the specific absorption rate (SAR) level was significantly reduced. Considering flat and rounded body parts, it was found that the SAR values averaged over 10 g at a distance of 1 mm away from the tissues model were only 0.18 W/kg and 0.371 W/kg, respectively. Additionally, the antenna gain was improved up to 7.2 dBi with an average radiation efficiency of 72%. Detailed analysis with experimental measurements of the cotton-based antenna for different operation scenarios is introduced. The measured data show a good correlation with the electromagnetic simulation results.

Characteristics mode analysis based wideband Sub-6 GHz flexible MIMO antenna using a unique hybrid decoupling structure for wearable applications

“…The effect of EM radiation is investigated by calculating the Specification Absorption Rate (SAR) which quantifies the permissible amount of radiation that the human body can absorb. According to international standards, the permitted limit is restricted to 1.6 W kg −1 (1g tissue) and 2 W kg −1 (10g tissue) at any specific part of the body [5,6].…”

Textile Antenna with Dual Bands and SAR Measurements for Wearable Communication

“…The utilization of textile substrates, such as felt and denim, in the fabrication of wearable antennas is motivated by their low dielectric constant (εr), which enhances the impedance bandwidth of the antenna radiator [2]. Among the myriad textile options, wearable antennas crafted from felt and denim stand out for WBAN applications, offering a suite of advantages including lightweight composition, flexibility, cost-effectiveness Electronics 2024, 13, 2251 2 of 19 for printing, and hardware simplicity [3,4]. Recent advancements have witnessed the emergence of various wearable and flexible antenna designs, encompassing wideband monopole antennas [5][6][7], fractal slotted antennas with loaded metamaterials [8], ultrawideband (UWB) antennas [9,10], and metasurface-based wearable planar inverted-F antennas (PIFA) [11].…”