A morphometric and genetic framework for the genus<i>Gazella</i>de Blainville, 1816 (Ruminantia: Bovidae) with special focus on Arabian and Levantine mountain gazelles

Bärmann, Eva V.; Wronski, Torsten; Lerp, Hannes; Azanza, Béatriz; Börner, Saskia; Erpenbeck, Dirk; Rößner, Gertrud E.; Wörheide, Gert

doi:10.1111/zoj.12066

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Other multivariate analyses, such as factor analysis or principal components analysis (PCA), also enable to compare taxonomically similar species (Legendre & Legendre, 1998;Palomares-Rius et al, 2010;Cantalapiedra-Navarrete et al, 2013). Factor analysis or PCA has also been used to resolve the taxonomy of diverse groups of organisms, including vascular plants (Borba et al, 2002;Kuta et al, 2014), invertebrates (Vd'ačný, Slovák & Foissner, 2014), and vertebrates (Bärmann et al, 2013). Morphological identification of X. americanumgroup species is problematic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in theXiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Archidona-Yuste

Navas‐Cortés

Cantalapiedra‐Navarrete

et al. 2016

Zool J Linn Soc

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The Xiphinema americanum-group constitutes a complex of about 55 species of polyphagous plant-ectoparasitic nematodes with a worldwide distribution. This group of plant-parasitic nematodes is one of the most difficult dagger nematode species complexes for diagnosis because the morphology is very conservative and morphometric characters often overlap. We conducted nematode surveys in cultivated and wild olives in southern Spain from 2012 to 2014, from which we identified 16 nematode populations of the X. americanum-group, five of which were tentatively identified as belonging to three new species and are described herein as Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov., Xiphinema vallense sp. nov., and Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov., and 11 populations belonging to nine known species: Xiphinema brevisicum, Xiphinema duriense, Xiphinema incertum, Xiphinema luci, Xiphinema madeirense, Xiphinema opisthohysterum, Xiphinema pachtaicum, Xiphinema parapachydermum, and Xiphinema rivesi. A phenetic study based on multivariate factor analyses was developed to compare some of these related species by using morphometric features. In the factor analysis the first four factors accounted for 73.1% of the total variance of the selected characters, identifying body length, body length/maximum body width (a), body length/ pharyngeal length (b), body length/tail length (c), and tail length/body width at anus (c′) ratios, distance from anterior end to vulva as percentage of body length (V), stylet length, oral aperture-guiding ring distance, and lip region width as key morphometric characters to differentiate a restricted set of species within the X. pachtaicumsubgroup that includes X. plesiopachtaicum sp. nov. and X. vallense sp. nov. Multivariate analysis of variance using these specific characters allowed to differentiate species in the X. pachtaicum complex or groups of them using morphometric characters (body length, a, b, c, c′, V, stylet length, lip region width, oral apertureguiding ring distance, female tail length, and hyaline region length). Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ribosomal DNA genes [D2-D3 expansion segments of large ribosomal subunit 28S, and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)] and the protein-coding mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (coxI) were congruent, showing two main clades separating most of the species of X. americanum-subgroup 'sensu stricto' from the X. pachtaicumsubgroup. Agreement between phylogenetic trees and some morphological characters (viz. total stylet length, vulva position, and a ratio) were tested by reconstruction of their histories on rRNA-based trees using parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Thus, integrative taxonomy, based on a combination of multivariate morphological and molecular analyses constitutes a new insight into the identification of X. americanum-group species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in theXiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Archidona-Yuste

Navas‐Cortés

Cantalapiedra‐Navarrete

et al. 2016

Zool J Linn Soc

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“…However, most studies have focused on smallsized, non-volant vertebrates with relatively low dispersal capacity (Boratyński et al 2012;Dobigny et al 2013;Guiller et al 2001;Metallinou et al 2012;Sousa et al 2011), while still very little is known about larger and more vagile species, for which barrier effects may be less pronounced. Of the few existing studies on large and medium size mammals, some show very little to no genetic structure (Bärmann et al 2013;Gaubert et al 2012;Lerp et al 2011), while others exhibit distinct mitochondrial lineages that co-occur throughout North Africa (Gaubert et al 2009(Gaubert et al , 2011Godinho et al 2012;Trucchi and Sbordoni 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiation of North African foxes and population genetic dynamics in the desert—insights into the evolutionary history of two sister taxa, Vulpes rueppellii and Vulpes vulpes

et al. 2015

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The effects of Pleistocene glaciations on moulding biodiversity have been extensively investigated within temperate biomes, yet arid ecosystems are largely neglected. A clear example comes from North Africa and the successive range of expansion/contraction cycles of the Sahara desert. This study focuses on North African foxes (genus Vulpes), in particular two sister taxa, Vulpes rueppellii and Vulpes vulpes, but also Vulpes zerda and Vulpes pallida. A set of two mitochondrial markers (Cyt-b and D-loop) and 31-33 autosomal microsatellites were used to conduct phylogenetic and population analyses, as well as to investigate the possible occurrence of hybridisation events. Phylogenetic analysis revealed V. rueppellii to be more closely related to North African V. vulpes than the latter with Eurasian V. vulpes, along with the occurrence of two sub-clades of V. vulpes within the Maghreb. In contrast, microsatellite analysis identified V. rueppellii and V. vulpes as clearly separate entities, and no sign of population structure was observed for both species within North Africa. Both mitochondrial and nuclear markers separated North African and Eurasian V. vulpes in two distinct groups. We propose two explanatory scenarios, both influenced by past climatic shifts: (1) past introgression of V. vulpes mitochondrial genome into V. rueppellii and (2) V. rueppellii represents an arid ecotype of V. vulpes trapped in the Sahara during a humid/arid transition. The successive expansions/contractions of the Sahara were also likely responsible for the mitochondrial structure of North African V. vulpes. We unveil intriguing insights on the genetic structure of carnivore species in North Africa, suggesting that further integrative research is needed.

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“…2a). Recent phylogenetic and morphological investigations, however, favoured the division of this species complex into two species: G. arabica and G. gazella (Wronski et al 2010;Bärmann et al 2013a, b;Lerp et al 2013;Hadas et al 2015).…”

Section: Study Species and Population Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Factors driving Arabian gazelles (Gazella arabica) in Israel to extinction: time series analysis of population size and juvenile survival in an unexploited population

Shalmon¹,

Sun

Wronski

2019

Biodivers Conserv

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Wild populations of Arabian gazelles (Gazella arabica) were once common on the Arabian Peninsula, but today disappeared from large parts of their former range. In Israel only a small population of currently 30 individuals survived, although it was-and still is-well protected from illegal hunting and habitat destruction. In our study we aimed to identify the factors influencing the population growth of G. arabica in Israel over the last two decades (1995-2017). We tested the impact of five environmental variables including annual mean maximum temperature, rainfall, the availability of two major food plants, competition with sympatric dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas) and predation (mainly by wolves) on two dependent variables relating to population viability (population size, percentage fawn survival) using a retrospective time series analysis. After testing for autocorrelations, two generalized least squares (GLS) models with autocorrelations at 3 and 6 years [GLS-AR(3, 6)] were identified as the best models to explain environmental effects on populations size. Wolf encounter rate had a significant negative effect on G. arabica population size, while G. dorcas population size had a significant positive effect, suggesting that wolf predation shapes the population size of both gazelle species. For percentage fawn survival, model residuals did not reveal any significant autocorrelation and the best fit GLS-AR(0) model retained only wolf encounter rate and mean annual maximal temperature as significant predictors. This result suggests a strong impact of wolf predation and increasing temperatures on the fawn survival of Arabian gazelles. Changed rainfall patterns, food availability and competition between gazelle species had no impact on fawn survival.

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A morphometric and genetic framework for the genusGazellade Blainville, 1816 (Ruminantia: Bovidae) with special focus on Arabian and Levantine mountain gazelles

Cited by 30 publications

References 22 publications

Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in theXiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in theXiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Differentiation of North African foxes and population genetic dynamics in the desert—insights into the evolutionary history of two sister taxa, Vulpes rueppellii and Vulpes vulpes

Factors driving Arabian gazelles (Gazella arabica) in Israel to extinction: time series analysis of population size and juvenile survival in an unexploited population

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