A mortality study of the last outbreak of yellow fever in Barcelona City (Spain) in 1870

Soler, Jaume Canela i; Fusté, Maria Rosa Pallarés; Herràndiz, Rafael Abós; Adell, Carmen Bel; Lawrence, Robert S.

doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2008.09.008

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…For example in mortality data from the 1918 pandemic flu, children between the ages 5 and 14 (age of puberty onset then) showed decreased morbidity and mortality in comparison to young adults, despite equal rates of infection 4 , 5 . Similar data exist for mortality from other severe infections such as the 1957 pandemic flu 6 , tuberculosis 4 , 7 , Ebola 8 , 9 , yellow fever 10 , pneumonia 11 , chicken pox 12 , 13 , and several studies specifically focused on sepsis 14 – 16 .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Characterising Pre-pubertal Resistance to Death from Endotoxemia

Joachim

Suber

Kobzik

2017

Sci Rep

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Sepsis is a common and deadly syndrome in which a dysregulated host response to infection causes organ failure and death. The current lack of treatment options suggests that a new approach to studying sepsis is needed. Pre-pubertal children show a relative resistance to death from severe infections and sepsis. To explore this phenomenon experimentally, we used an endotoxemia model of sepsis in mice. Following intra-peritoneal injection of endotoxin, pre-pubertal mice showed greater survival than post-pubertal mice (76.3% vs. 28.6%), despite exhibiting a similar degree of inflammation after two hours. Age-associated differences in the inflammatory response only became evident at twenty hours, when post-pubertal mice showed prolonged elevation of serum cytokines and differential recruitment of peritoneal immune cells. Mechanistically, prevention of puberty by hormonal blockade or acceleration of puberty by oestrogen treatment led to increased or decreased survival from endotoxemia, respectively. Additionally, the adoptive transfer of pre-pubertal peritoneal cells improved the survival of post-pubertal recipient mice, while post-pubertal peritoneal cells or vehicle did not. These data establish a model for studying childhood resistance to mortality from endotoxemia, demonstrate that oestrogen is responsible for an increased susceptibility to mortality after puberty, and identify peritoneal cells as mediators of pre-pubertal resistance.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Characterising Pre-pubertal Resistance to Death from Endotoxemia

Joachim

Suber

Kobzik

2017

Sci Rep

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“…All three variables being more or less equal, larger numbers of incriminating sailing ships that arrived increased prevalence and mortality. If multiple incriminating ships arrived each at a different time, sometimes bimodal waves of YF attack that prolonged outbreak much longer were observed [ 179 ]. In the cases of consecutive outbreaks for several years in row or longer, such as in Gibraltar (1800–1804, 1810–1814, 1817–1826), the yearly introduction of the unidentified agent was retrospectively suspected [ 184 ].…”

Section: Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the late 18th century, the pattern of YF spread in some seaports was investigated block by block, which established a correlation of higher incidence with residence closer to the wharves and arrival of sailing ships from the tropics. This was observed by Samuel Jackson in Philadelphia during the 1793 outbreak [177], in New York in 1795 by Valentine Seaman [178], and in Barcelona in 1870 [179]. Thus, geographic medicine evolved in YF investigation much earlier [180] than the well-known source (shared well used for drinking) identification of cholera agent by John Snow in England in 1854 [181].…”

Section: A Brief Review Of the Urban Outbreaks In Europe North Americ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Yellow Fever Transmission: Gleaning the Overlooked Records of Importance and Identifying Problems, Puzzles, Serious Issues, Surprises and Research Questions

Kuno

2024

Viruses

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In viral disease research, few diseases can compete with yellow fever for the volume of literature, historical significance, richness of the topics and the amount of strong interest among both scientists and laypersons. While the major foci of viral disease research shifted to other more pressing new diseases in recent decades, many critically important basic tasks still remain unfinished for yellow fever. Some of the examples include the mechanisms of transmission, the process leading to outbreak occurrence, environmental factors, dispersal, and viral persistence in nature. In this review, these subjects are analyzed in depth, based on information not only in old but in modern literatures, to fill in blanks and to update the current understanding on these topics. As a result, many valuable facts, ideas, and other types of information that complement the present knowledge were discovered. Very serious questions about the validity of the arbovirus concept and some research practices were also identified. The characteristics of YFV and its pattern of transmission that make this virus unique among viruses transmitted by Ae. aegypti were also explored. Another emphasis was identification of research questions. The discovery of a few historical surprises was an unexpected benefit.

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“…It should be noted that the outbreak was believed to have started with the arrival of a handful of sick sailors; the maritime trades accounted for one-quarter of the 1,236 deaths, and the maritime areas and city center were heavily affected. 79 The Franco-Prussian War and the Commune of Paris (1871) loomed large across the Pyrenees in the constructive visions of the discourse. King Amadeo I (of Savoy) abdicated on February 10, 1873, after only three years of constitutional monarchy, and the next day a republic was declared.…”

Section: Completion Of the Transition: Full Liberalization Of Port La...mentioning

confidence: 99%

From Corporations to Companies: The Development of Capitalism in Maritime Cargo Handling in the Port of Barcelona (ca. 1760–1873)

Ibarz

Briesen

2022

Inter. Labor Working-Class Hist.

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For centuries, the maritime cargo passing through the port of Barcelona was handled by the men of a half-dozen guilds. Collectively, these ancient corporations enjoyed monopolistic privileges over the various types of cargo and areas of operation—in the shallow harbor, to and from the Customs House, and throughout the city and beyond. At the end of the eighteenth century, the advances of economic and political liberalism began to question, challenge, and eventually dismantle the guild structure: a process that came to fruition in the early nineteenth century with the abolition of most guilds throughout Spain. However, some of the cargo-handling guilds had been defended by the Navy against abolition until the second half of the nineteenth century, when their orderly world collapsed into competitive companies able to hire men of their choosing (former guildsmen or otherwise). In this article, we look at the harbor-based guilds and the process by which guildsmen became the unorganized workers and capitalistic directors of the new dockworker companies. We offer a vision of the transformation of the guild system into a private system for organizing the labor of maritime-cargo handling. In this account, we examine technological changes in the means of production, changes in the organization of labor, the appearance of a new capitalist class in the sub-sector, and the rise of a capitalist mode of production based on the proletarianization of cargo handling.

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A mortality study of the last outbreak of yellow fever in Barcelona City (Spain) in 1870

Abstract: This study reveals a temporal bimodal mortality distribution for yellow fever during the outbreak, with a high impact in adult men and in the La Barceloneta neighborhood.

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Characterising Pre-pubertal Resistance to Death from Endotoxemia

Characterising Pre-pubertal Resistance to Death from Endotoxemia

Mechanisms of Yellow Fever Transmission: Gleaning the Overlooked Records of Importance and Identifying Problems, Puzzles, Serious Issues, Surprises and Research Questions

From Corporations to Companies: The Development of Capitalism in Maritime Cargo Handling in the Port of Barcelona (ca. 1760–1873)

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