A Mössbauer Spectral Study of the Hull Steel and Rusticles Recovered from the Titanic

Long, Gary J.; Hautot, Dimitri; Grandjean, Fernande; Vandormael, Denis; Leighly, H. P.

doi:10.1023/b:hype.0000035148.76152.5b

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…They thus confirmed the effectiveness of the occurrence of redox reaction in the rusticles of RMS Titanic but gave no indications of reducing environments within the rusticle. In contrast, Long et al proved that reducing conditions existed within the RMS Titanic rusticles. They found goethite (α‐FeOOH), a trace of quartz (SiO 2 ) and green rust Fe(OH) 2 by using Mossbauer spectroscopy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

X‐ray micro‐computed tomography analysis of accumulated corrosion products in deep‐water shipwrecks

Albahri

Barifcani

Dwivedi

et al. 2019

Materials & Corrosion

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Accumulated corrosion products from two different shipwrecks which had lain on the seabed (2.5 km depth) for 73 years were systematically analysed by three‐dimensional imaging at high resolution using X‐ray micro‐computed tomography. Complementary surface and chemical characterization experiments were conducted to identify the morphological structure of the corrosion products. Goethite was observed as the main corrosion phase found in both the wreck's corrosion products. However, other corrosion products such as silica, lepidocrocite, maghemite, magnetite, benyacarite, jarosite and amorphous materials were noticed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. In addition, mineralized microbial structures were also observed as significant constituents of the corrosion products. However, there were significant differences between samples from the two shipwrecks including porosity, distribution and volume percent of the corrosion products components. The mechanism of different corrosion products formation was proposed and discussed in detail.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

X‐ray micro‐computed tomography analysis of accumulated corrosion products in deep‐water shipwrecks

Albahri

Barifcani

Dwivedi

et al. 2019

Materials & Corrosion

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“…Long et al (2004) concluded: ‘… the slow degradation of the RMS Titanic follows a well known corrosion process…’ Stoffyn-Egli and Buckley (1993) concluded: ‘…that biological activity plays a major role in promoting corrosion of the Titanic …’ Cullimore et al (2002) described the corrosion related to rusticles as ‘biological extraction’ whereby iron was ‘… biologically extracted from the steel of the ship into the rusticle structures. The iron is then exported into the oceanic environment as red dust … and yellow colloids.’ Cullimore and Johnston (2008) proposed that ‘… significant differentiation in form and function has occurred within the rusticle generated by the microbial consortia.’ They further suggest, ‘This level of differentiation parallels tissue differentiation in the plant and animal kingdom [ sic ]…’ Cullimore et al (2002) found that iron was not evenly distributed within the rusticle.…”

Section: Rusticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mini-review: the morphology, mineralogy and microbiology of accumulated iron corrosion products

2014

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Despite obvious differences in morphology, substratum chemistry and the electrolyte in which they form, accumulations of iron corrosion products have the following characteristics in common: stratification of iron oxides/hydroxides with a preponderance of α-FeOOH (goethite) and accumulation of metals. Bacteria, particularly iron-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria have been identified in some accumulations. Both biotic and abiotic mechanisms have been used to rationalize observations for particular sets of environmental data. This review is the first to compare observations and interpretations.

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“…They proposed a theoretical mechanism for rusticle formation that included SRB, reducing conditions on a small scale within rust flakes, and the coexistence of minerals with different redox potentials. Long (58) used Mossbauer spectroscopy to identify small particles of goethite, traces of quartz and green rust in rusticles from the Titanic. Herdendorf and co-workers (59) described similar formations on the wreck of the SS Central America, a wooden steamer with iron machinery that has been on the floor of the North Atlantic Ocean in 2200-m water for 144 years (5.6-mg/L O 2 ).…”

Section: Reactions Within Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

Little

Lee

2009

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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The term microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is used to designate corrosion due to the presence and activities of microorganisms, ie, those organisms that cannot be seen individually with the unaided human eye, including microalgae, archaea, bacteria, and fungi. Microorganisms can accelerate rates of partial reactions in corrosion processes or shift the mechanism for corrosion. Microorganisms can influence pitting, dealloying, enhanced erosion corrosion, enhanced galvanic corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and hydrogen embrittlement. Microbiologically influenced corrosion has been reported for all engineering metals and alloys with the exception of predominantly titanium and high chromium–nickel alloys. It has been documented for metals and nonmetals exposed to seawater, freshwater, distilled/demineralized water, crude and distillate hydrocarbon fuels, process chemicals, foodstuffs, soils, human plasma, saliva, and sewage. The following sections describe the estimated costs of MIC, mechanisms, and causative microorganisms contributing to MIC; techniques for diagnosing, measuring, and monitoring; engineering practices that influence MIC and strategies to prevent or mitigate MIC.

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A Mössbauer Spectral Study of the Hull Steel and Rusticles Recovered from the Titanic

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

X‐ray micro‐computed tomography analysis of accumulated corrosion products in deep‐water shipwrecks

X‐ray micro‐computed tomography analysis of accumulated corrosion products in deep‐water shipwrecks

Mini-review: the morphology, mineralogy and microbiology of accumulated iron corrosion products

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

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