A multi-agent system based coordinated multi-objective optimal load scheduling strategy using marginal emission factors for building cluster demand response

Zhang, Hanbei; Xiao, Fu; Zhang, Chong; Li, Rongling

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112765

Cited by 16 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 49 publications

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“…Real-time electricity prices play an essential role in encouraging DR, which helps improve electricity consumption behavior in buildings. Consequently, the energy system is regulated based on real-time electricity prices to encourage effective interaction between buildings and the grid, ultimately aiming to save energy costs [42]. The control problem is described using the MDP.…”

Section: Reinforcement Learning Agent Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Assessment and Comparative Analysis of Photovoltaic-Battery System Scheduling in an Existing Zero-Energy House Based on Reinforcement Learning Control

et al. 2023

Energies

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The development of distributed renewable energy resources and smart energy management are efficient approaches to decarbonizing building energy systems. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a data-driven control algorithm that trains a large amount of data to learn control policy. However, this learning process generally presents low learning efficiency using real-world stochastic data. To address this challenge, this study proposes a model-based RL approach to optimize the operation of existing zero-energy houses considering PV generation consumption and energy costs. The model-based approach takes advantage of the inner understanding of the system dynamics; this knowledge improves the learning efficiency. A reward function is designed considering the physical constraints of battery storage, photovoltaic (PV) production feed-in profit, and energy cost. Measured data of a zero-energy house are used to train and test the proposed RL agent control, including Q-learning, deep Q network (DQN), and deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) agents. The results show that the proposed RL agents can achieve fast convergence during the training process. In comparison with the rule-based strategy, test cases verify the cost-effectiveness performances of proposed RL approaches in scheduling operations of the hybrid energy system under different scenarios. The comparative analysis of test periods shows that the DQN agent presents better energy cost-saving performances than Q-learning while the Q-learning agent presents more flexible action control of the battery with the fluctuation of real-time electricity prices. The DDPG algorithm can achieve the highest PV self-consumption ratio, 49.4%, and the self-sufficiency ratio reaches 36.7%. The DDPG algorithm outperforms rule-based operation by 7.2% for energy cost during test periods.

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Section: Reinforcement Learning Agent Designmentioning

confidence: 99%