A Multi-Blockchain Scheme for Distributed Spectrum Sharing in CBRS System

Cheng, Zhiyang; Liang, Yifei; Zhao, Youping; Wang, Shuo; Sun, Chen

doi:10.1109/tccn.2023.3235789

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Architectural changes and innovative methods are combined in various examples. Cheng et al [113] propose a blockchain-based spectrum trading mechanism for CBRS. Their approach involves a queuing mechanism and a multiple blockchain architecture with cross-chain spectrum trading to improve scalability and efficiency in intra-coexistence group (CxG) trading, showcasing the integration of both architectural enhancements and performance improvements.…”

Section: ) How Blockchain Helpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Architectural changes involving hierarchy and clustering nodes using ML techniques are suggested by Hu et al [111], while Ling et al recommend multi-sided platforms [112]. Combining these architectural changes with improved processing speeds using queuing mechanisms is explored by Cheng et al [113].…”

Section: ) Remaining Research Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, these alternative DLT technologies offer advantages in terms of scalability compared to traditional blockchain platforms. In addressing preliminary solutions, the Ethereum platform has been instrumental in developing SCs-based spectrum trading platforms [113], [148], as well as DSS platforms capable of detecting violations [113]. Additionally, Ethereum's sidechain feature has been explored for DSA.…”

Section: Bc Platforms 1) Lessons Learnedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the context of DSM, Ethereum-based SCs have been instrumental in the development of spectrum auctioning and trading platforms. These platforms, leveraging the autonomy and security features of SCs, facilitate trading in CBRS band [113]. Additionally, for Heterogeneous Spacecraft Networks, Ethereum-based SCs power spectrum auctioning systems [80], while a consortium model based on Ethereum SCs and DSS is implemented in Hyperledger Fabric for multioperator scenarios [136].…”

Section: Blockchain Platforms a Ethereum 1) Introduction To The Platformmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Survey on Blockchain for Dynamic Spectrum Sharing

Perera,

Ranaweera,

Kusaladharma

et al. 2024

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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The rapid increase in mobile users, the IoT, and data-hungry applications have brought forth unprecedented demand on the spectrum, which is scarce; on top of that, the existing static spectrum allocation schemes have resulted in a heavily underutilized spectrum which can be mitigated with a Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) scheme with unlicensed users gaining access to the idle spectrum bands of licensed spectrum users opportunistically. Such a DSA and Dynamic Spectrum Management (DSM) scheme would significantly increase spectral efficiency while facilitating new services and applications beyond 5G (B5G) networks. Even with access to new spectrum bands like terahertz (THz) and Visible light communication and enabling technologies such as Software Defined Networks (SDN) and Cognitive Radio (CR), implementing a fully realized DSM requires rapid sensing, coordination, and management, and sharing of idle spectrum bands in a fair manner while preserving the security and privacy aspects, limiting interferences. With their decentralized, immutable nature, blockchains promise the execution of spectrum access and sharing in a fully transparent, fair manner while preserving privacy and security. Furthermore, blockchain-based Smart Contracts (SCs) allow automation of DSM, cryptocurrencies, and tokens to facilitate the trading of spectrum and related resources. In addition to that, blockchains act as an interface for integrating AI and Machine Learning (ML) techniques into DSM, which provides a certain level of intelligence to the underlying architecture. Although several attempts have been carried out to analyze the research gaps in DSM, a comprehensive analysis addressing the blockchains as the primary solution to address DSM has not been carried out. In this survey, we address the potential of a blockchainbased approach toward realizing a decentralized DSM while presenting future directives to improve the use of blockchains for DSM.

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Section: ) How Blockchain Helpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Remaining Research Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bc Platforms 1) Lessons Learnedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Blockchain Platforms a Ethereum 1) Introduction To The Platformmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Survey on Blockchain for Dynamic Spectrum Sharing

Perera,

Ranaweera,

Kusaladharma

et al. 2024

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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show abstract

“…Additionally, [16] presented a techno-economic analysis of spectrum sharing using blockchain and smart contracts, proposing a model for swapping access rights within a well-known band and estimating usage costs, which transaction fees will be a basis of comparison for the costs associated with our system. Furthermore, [26] introduced a multi-blockchain scheme for Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) in the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) system, addressing scalability and interference issues through a multi-blockchain architecture and cross-chain mechanism that help to address the issues for our BSM-6G model.…”

Section: A Converging Technologies In Dsm: Blockchain and Crmentioning

confidence: 99%

BSM-6G: Blockchain-Based Dynamic Spectrum Management for 6G Networks: Addressing Interoperability and Scalability

Cuellar,

Sallal,

Williams

2024

IEEE Access

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The radio frequency spectrum serves as a fundamental resource for wireless communication, encompassing various frequency bands allocated for diverse services and applications. Dynamic spectrum management (DSM) is essential to optimise the utilisation of this limited and valuable natural resource, with the aim of improving performance and adapting to changing wireless communication demands. Traditional static spectrum allocation methods have shown inefficiencies, leading to spectrum scarcity and under-utilisation. To address these challenges, the integration of blockchain and Cognitive Radio (CR) technologies has emerged as a promising approach. Blockchain, with its decentralised and secure attributes, can improve transparency and trust in spectrum allocation processes, while CR enables intelligent spectrum sensing and allocation to maximise utilisation. However, this promising approach comes with its own critical challenges, especially when dealing with the 6th Generation (6G) mobile communication. These challenges are related to the fact that the blockchain ecosystem needs to be interoperable and scalable enough to be compatible with the 6G high-demand and substantial resources. Specifically, integrating blockchain with CR requires efficient interoperability techniques where blockchain can easily and effectively interact with the CR platforms as well as radio spectrum environments. Furthermore, the spectrum management system over 6G networks needs to be designed in a way where massive 6G resources can be accommodated and managed without having any service performance degradation. This paper introduces a novel radio spectrum management model in 6G networks, named as BSM-6G, which integrates blockchain technology with CR where interoperability is preserved and scalability is maximised. Specifically, the proposed BSM-6G model merges blockchain's transparent record keeping with CR's intelligent spectrum management capabilities. To overcome the interoperability issue, BSM-6G provides an interoperable blockchain Oracle approach which facilitates the real-time interaction among the blockchain platform, the CR, and any data sources off-chain. This paper details all the technical and procedural challenges when implementing the proposed interoperability Oracle approach. To address the scalability challenge, BSM-6G utilizes the Proof-of-History (PoH) consensus protocol to align with the requirements of DSM in advanced networks like Beyond 5th Generation (B5G) and 6G. Evaluation results indicate that BSM-6G offers viable and less complex blockchain Oracle integration architecture measured by the technical implementation of BSM-6G, as well as low interoperability cost measured by transaction response time and transaction fee cost. Compared to state-of-the-art spectrum-based blockchain systems, BSM-6G shows a high scalable DSM-based blockchain in 6G networks measured by transactions per second (TPS).

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