A multi-dimensional perspective on the gender gap in health among older adults in India and China: application of a new ageing measure

Abstract

A continuous rise of female life expectancy above that of males among older adults in India and China may give the impression that the relative gender gap in health in these countries is decreasing. However, given the systemic gender bias against older females in these countries across multiple dimensions of health, a fuller understanding of the gender gap in health calls for a multi-dimensional perspective. We estimate a multi-dimensional old-age threshold (MOAT) that specifies different old-age thresholds for female and male populations which accommodates multiple dimensions related to physical, intellectual and general health. We use the MOAT to evaluate the multi-dimensional gender gap in India and China by differencing the MOAT for females with that of males. Females in both countries have a lower MOAT than their male counterparts, indicating an earlier advent of ‘old age’ for females. The multi-dimensional estimates of the gender gap are also higher than the estimates based on only one dimension of health. A considerable level of variation is also observed in the gender gap across provinces. The study illustrates the need to understand the gender gap in health in India and China from a multi-dimensional perspective and provides an innovative way to quantify such a gap. Province-specific as well as health dimension-specific interventions are vital in reducing the gender gap among older adults in these countries.

Reflexionando sobre el envejecimiento desde la sociología: estado de la cuestión y perspectivas de futuro

“…Lo masculino y lo femenino ven difuminar sus fronteras con el creciente peso de las mujeres mayores: la feminización de la vejez (Sánchez Vera, 2016). Esta situación ha desembocado en un notable aumento en los últimos años del interés por el género en los estudios sobre envejecimiento (e.g., Balachandran y James, 2019;Fabbre, 2017;Ramos, 2018). Especial relevancia tiene la "perspectiva feminista crítica", que subraya la importancia de lo social en las experiencias y situaciones vividas por las mujeres, la acumulación de las desventajas a lo largo de la vida o la feminización de la pobreza unida a variables como la raza, la etnia, la clase, la sexualidad o la nación (Estes, 2006).…”

Population ageing in Europe and Asia: Beyond traditional perspectives

“…The measure we used in this study advances existing methods by accommodating the improvements in life expectancy over time, as well as the differences across populations in the likelihood of reaching higher ages. However, alongside changes in life expectancy and survival rates, there may be differentials in morbidity, cognition, productivity, labour force participation, and healthy life expectancy by levels of education (Balachandran & James, 2019a, 2019b. Thus, we recommend that future research on ageing consider a more diverse range of human capital factors across populations, including educational gradients.…”