“…Liao et al (2020) recorded the constitutive relationship of sulfateattacked concrete. The stress-induced microcracks were interpreted by damage variables based on the continuum damage mechanics (Bru¨nig and Michalski, 2020;Chen et al, 2020aChen et al, , 2020bJu, 1989Ju, , 1990Liu et al, 2020;Oucif et al, 2019;Ju, 1987a, 1987b;Tixier and Mobasher, 2003;Zhou and Ju, 2019;Zhou et al, 2016Zhou et al, , 2017Zhu et al, 2016), which has been widely adopted as the basis of other damage models (Chen et al, 2021;Fan et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2019;Sochu et al, 2018;Yan et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2019Zhang et al, , 2020. In this context, the constitutive response of the progressively damaged material is simulated by a constitutive law of uniaxial stress-strain, which links the local strain with the damage.…”