A multi-sensor satellite-based archive of the largest SO<sub>2</sub> volcanic eruptions since 2006

Abstract

Abstract. We present a multi-sensor archive collecting spatial and temporal information about volcanic SO2 clouds generated by the 11 largest eruptions of this century. The detection and monitoring of volcanic clouds are an important topic for aviation management, climate issues and weather forecasts. Several studies focusing on single eruptive events exist, but no archive available at the moment combines quantitative data from as many instruments. We archived and collocated the SO2 vertical column density estimations from three different satellite instruments (AIRS, IASI and GOME-2), atmospheric parameters as vertical profiles from the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Radio Occultations (RO), and the cloud-top height and aerosol type from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). Additionally, we provide information about the cloud-top height from three different algorithms and the atmospheric anomaly due to the presence of the cloud. The dataset is gathering 206 d of SO2 data, collocated with 44 180 backscatter profiles and 64 764 radio occultation profiles. The modular structure of the archive allows an easy collocation of the datasets according to the users' needs, and the cross-comparison of the datasets shows different consistency of the parameters estimated with different sensors and algorithms, according to the sensitivity and resolution of the instruments. The data described here are published with a DOI at https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2020.016 (Tournigand et al., 2020a).

The Multi-Compartment Hg Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP): Mercury modeling to support international environmental policy

“…Nevertheless, estimates of the geogenic source component can be formulated for the purposes of MCHgMAP simulations. In the absence of a representative catalogue of direct Hg measurements, we propose to estimate volcanic and geothermal point Hg sources using recent high-quality volcanic flux data for SO2 (Fioletov et al, 2023;Tournigand et al, 2020) and CO2 (Werner et al, 2019) in combination with a compilation of emission factors (EFs) from the literature (i.e., Hg/SO2 and Hg/CO2 mass ratios) published since the year 2000 using more reliable Hg analytical methods (Edwards et al, 2021;Fitzgerald et al, 1998;Li et al, 2020a for explosive eruptions).…”

The 2019 Raikoke eruption as a testbed for rapid assessment of volcanic atmospheric impacts by the Volcano Response group

“…The atmospheric Infrared Radiation Sounder (AIRS) instrument is on board the NASA polar-orbiting Aqua satellite at an altitude of about 705 km above the Earth surface with an Equatorial crossing time at 1.30am/pm local time (Chahine et al, 2005;Prata & Bernardo, 2007). AIRS provides nearly continuous measurement coverage during 14.5 orbits per day and a 95% global daily coverage with a swath of 1650 km and special resolution of 13.5 km x 13.5 km at nadir (Tournigand et al, 2020). We use the version 7.0 AIRS level 2 Support Retrieval product, and the results are averaged into 1° x 1° grid cells in this analysis.…”

The CAMS volcanic forecasting system utilizing near-real time data assimilation of S5P/TROPOMI SO<sub>2</sub> retrievals

“…The algorithm is able to view a wide variety of total column ranges (from 0.5 to 5000 D.U. ), exhibits a low 180 theoretical uncertainty (3-5 %) and near real time applicability which was demonstrated for the recent eruptions of Sarychev in Russia, Kasatochi in Alaska, Grimsvötn in Iceland, Puyehue-Cordon Caulle in Chile and Nabro in Eritrea (Tournigand et al, 2020. ) A validation of this algorithm on the Nabro eruption observations using forward trajectories and CALIOP/CALIPSO space-born lidar coincident measurements is presented in Clarisse et al (2014) where the expansion of the algorithm to also provide SO2 plume altitudes is further described.…”