A multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode as a new sensor for the sensitive simultaneous determination of paracetamol and tramadol in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids

Abstract

Um eletrodo modificado quimicamente foi construído, baseado em eletrodo de carbono vítreo modificado por nanotubos de carbono de parede múltipla (MWCNTs/GCE). Demonstrou-se que este sensor pode ser usado para a determinação simultânea de compostos com importância farmacêutica, como o paracetamol (PAR) e o tramadol (TRA). As medidas foram realizadas com aplicação de voltametria de pulso diferencial (DPV), voltametria cíclica (CV) e cronoamperometria (CA). A aplicação do método DPV demonstrou que em tampão fosfato (pH 7,5) há uma relação linear entre a corrente de pico de oxidação e a concentração de PAR no intervalo entre 0,5 μmol L -1 e 210 μmol L -1 . Uma correlação linear semelhante, entre a corrente de pico de oxidação e a concentração, foi observada para TRA no intervalo de 2 μmol L -1 a 300 μmol L -1 . Sob condições ótimas, o eletrodo modificado exibiu alta sensibilidade, seletividade e estabilidade para a determinação de ambos, PAR e TRA, tornando este, um sensor adequado para a detecção submicromolar simultânea de PAR e TRA, em soluções. O desempenho analítico deste sensor foi avaliado para detecção de PAR e TRA em soro e urina humanos e em algumas preparações farmacêuticas, com resultados satisfatórios.A chemically modified electrode was constructed based on a multi-walled carbon nanotubemodified glassy carbon electrode (MWCNTs/GCE). It was demonstrated that this sensor can be used for the simultaneous determination of the pharmaceutically important compounds paracetamol (PAR) and tramadol (TRA). The measurements were carried out by the application of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) methods. Application of the DPV method demonstrated that in phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) there was a linear relationship between the oxidation peak current and the concentration of PAR over the range 0.5 μmol L -1 to 210 μmol L -1. A similar linear correlation between oxidation peak current and concentration was observed for TRA over the range of 2 μmol L -1 to 300 μmol L -1. Under optimal conditions the modified electrode exhibited high sensitivity, selectivity and stability for both PAR and TRA determination, making it a suitable sensor for the simultaneous submicromolar detection of PAR and TRA in solutions. The analytical performance of this sensor has been evaluated for detection of PAR and TRA in human serum, human urine and some pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results.

Electroreduction of Salicylic Acid, Acetylsalicylic Acid and Pharmaceutical Products Containing these Compounds

“…Thus, it is necessary to develop methods of their determination in human body fluids. Last years, applications of electrochemical methods in determination and studies of drugs attract a lot of attention because of their accuracy and simplicity [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Electrochemical measurements enable determination of various physicochemical parameters of tested compounds, e.g.…”

Fast determination of codeine, orphenadrine, promethazine, scopolamine, tramadol, and paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary electrophoresis

“…Von Mering first introduced PAR as an antipyretic/analgesic drug in 1893 , as a substitute for aspirin because it does not cause problems in patients who are prone to gastric issues. PAR is frequently found in association with other pharmaceuticals in the same formulation due to the synergic analgesic or supra additive effect of this combination, superior to each drug individually . PAR can be combined with orphenadrine (ORP), for the relief of muscle pain and in tension headaches ; with tramadol (TRA) to increase analgesia and reduce adverse events ; with codeine (COD) to treat acute pain and pyrexia ; with promethazine (PRO) as an antipyretic and antiemetic ; and with scopolamine (SCO) in therapy for gastrointestinal disorders such as colic .…”

Determination of tramadol in pharmaceutical forms and urine samples using a boron-doped diamond electrode

“…Table I depicts a comparison of BDD electrode analytical performance created in this study with the other electroanalytical studies in earlier published report. As understood from this table, BDD electrode presented a more sensitive electroanalytical response than modified carbon paste electrode (M-CPE) 12 , coated wire electrode (CWE) 23 , carbon nanoparticles glassy carbon electrode (CNPs/GCE) 24 and multiwalled carbon nanotube glassy carbon (MWCNT/ /GCE) 25 electrodes. However, some electroanalytical studies 1, 3,13,14,[26][27][28][29] reported in the literature shown higher sensitivity than the developed method.…”