This special issue is addressed to scientists and experts from academia and industry interested in network optimization problems. Its aim is presenting ideas and experiences and sharing knowledge among researchers and practitioners working in this field with different perspectives and skills. It presents high quality research papers on methodological and theoretical advances aimed to solve complex decision problems emerging in different application fields.We encouraged the submission of papers from the entire operations research, computer science and quantitative methods communities. After several rounds of peer review, a dozen or so papers were selected for publication. The accepted papers cover a wide range of optimization methodologies and application contexts. This issue will contain seven of these papers. A second special issue will include the remaining articles. A brief overview of the papers in this issue is reported in the following, discussing them in alphabetical order with respect to the first author. This summary shows that all the papers highlight the impact that optimization methods and tools could have in a society with complex and challenging problems.In the paper "Evaluation of flow dependent external costs in freight logistics networks," Ambrosino et al.[1] approach a distribution problem arising in a freight logistics context, which involves the containerized flow originating from maritime terminals and going to inland destinations using the road transportation network. The goal is the minimization of the total shipping costs, given by the travelled distance, vehicles and external cost components. The authors consider a global cost depending on the amount of flow through the selected arcs in the route and their capacity, for which a novel stepwise function is proposed and analyzed. A real case instance related to the logistics network connecting the main ports of the Liguria County (Italy) to the main inland destinations is proposed and analyzed."An optimization approach for congestion control in network routing with quality of service requirements" is the paper written by Avella et al. [2]. They study a network design problem arising in the management of a carrier network. The aim is to route a traffic matrix, minimizing a measure of the network congestion while guaranteeing a prescribed quality of service. They formulate the problem, devise presolve procedures to reduce the size of the corresponding mixed-integer programming formulation and show that the proposed approach can efficiently solve some real-life problems, leading to an improvement with respect to the current practice in a real case study.The paper "A multiethnic genetic approach for the minimum conflict weighted spanning tree problem" by Carrabs et al.[3] addresses a variant of the minimum spanning tree problem in which, given a list of conflicting edges, the primary goal is to find a spanning tree with the minimum number of conflicting edge pairs and the secondary goal is to minimize the weight of spanning trees without conflic...