A Multifactorial Approach to the Study of Gender Characteristics

Koestner, Richard; Aubé, Jennifer

doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00510.x

Cited by 50 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Psychological and social variables that correlate with sex category should not, however, be integrated into a single measure of gender, because gender is a complex, multilayered system [3,77,78], with psychological, behavioural and social components, each of which is multidimensional and cannot be reduced to a single variable (e.g. [3,[77][78][79][80][81]). …”

Section: The Implications Of the Mosaic Approach For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond sex differences: new approaches for thinking about variation in brain structure and function

Joel

Fausto‐Sterling

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

110

106

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In the study of variation in brain structure and function that might relate to sex and gender, language matters because it frames our research questions and methods. In this article, we offer an approach to thinking about variation in brain structure and function that pulls us outside the sex differences formulation. We argue that the existence of differences between the brains of males and females does not unravel the relations between sex and the brain nor is it sufficient to characterize a population of brains. Such characterization is necessary for studying sex effects on the brain as well as for studying brain structure and function in general. Animal studies show that sex interacts with environmental, developmental and genetic factors to affect the brain. Studies of humans further suggest that human brains are better described as belonging to a single heterogeneous population rather than two distinct populations. We discuss the implications of these observations for studies of brain and behaviour in humans and in laboratory animals. We believe that studying sex effects in context and developing or adopting analytical methods that take into account the heterogeneity of the brain are crucial for the advancement of human health and well-being.

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Section: The Implications Of the Mosaic Approach For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond sex differences: new approaches for thinking about variation in brain structure and function

Joel

Fausto‐Sterling

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

110

106

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“…Gender identity has been variously conceived to encompass one's subjective sense of maleness/femaleness, sex-linked personality traits, and culturally prescribed gender roles (Koestner and Aube, 1995). As originally conceived by Bem (1974), the scales developed to measure gender identity were based on North American and European idealizations of socially desirable male and female personality traits (Koestner and Aube, 1995). The masculinity subscale measured instrumental traits such as assertiveness and self-confidence (Koestner and Aube, 1995).…”

Section: Gender Identitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As originally conceived by Bem (1974), the scales developed to measure gender identity were based on North American and European idealizations of socially desirable male and female personality traits (Koestner and Aube, 1995). The masculinity subscale measured instrumental traits such as assertiveness and self-confidence (Koestner and Aube, 1995). The femininity subscale measured one's degree of expressive or desirable "feminine" traits, namely nurturance and considerateness.…”

Section: Gender Identitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender identity and substance use among students in two high schools in Monterrey, Mexico

Kulis

Marsiglia

Lingard

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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This study explored relationships between several hypothesized dimensions of gender identity and substance use outcomes within a non-probability sample of adolescents in Monterrey, Mexico. Based on Mexican concepts of machismo and marianismo, four gender identity constructs were measured: aggressive masculinity, assertive masculinity, affective femininity and submissive femininity. The study assessed how well these gender identity measures predicted substance use behaviors, substance use intentions, expectancies, and normative approval, and exposure and vulnerability to substance offers. Data were drawn from questionnaires completed by 327 students from 2 Monterrey secondary schools. Multivariate ordered logistic and linear regression analyses, adjusted for school level effects, indicated that aggressive masculinity was associated with higher risk of drug use on most outcomes, while affective femininity was associated with lower risk on selected outcomes. Assertive masculinity was associated with only one of the outcomes examined and submissive femininity with none of them. Most gender identity effects persisted after controlling for biological sex, academic performance, age, and other gender identity measures. For two of the outcomes, the gender identity measures had significantly stronger effects for males than for females. The findings are interpreted in light of males' higher risk for drug use and changes in gender roles and gendered behavior that are now occurring in Mexico as in the U.S.

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“…Nesta nova concepção, a masculinidade e a feminilidade passam a ser construções psicológicas, formadas a partir das interações sócio-culturais e, portanto, independentes da polaridade biológica a que foram inseridas inicialmente. Atualmente, os conceitos de masculinidade e feminilidade são concebidos como estruturas multidimensionais (Antill & Russell, 1982;Archer, 1989;Aubé & Koestner, 1992;Bernard, 1981;Feather, 1978;Gaa, Liberman & Edwards, 1979, Gaudreau, 1977Koestner & Aubé, 1995).…”

Section: A Psicologia Cognitiva Argumenta Que Os Seres Humanos Diantunclassified

Estereótipos de gênero aplicados a mulheres atletas

Melo

Giavoni

Tróccoli

2004

Psic.: Teor. e Pesq.

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RESUMO -O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar se as características do desporto e o biotipo de mulheres atletas desencadeiam a aplicação de estereótipos sexuais. Foram avaliados três grupos que diferiam quanto ao envolvimento com o desporto: a) grupo 1 -formado por atletas, b) grupo 2 -formado por alunos e profi ssionais de Educação Física e c) grupo 3 -formado por sedentários. O instrumento utilizado foi o Inventário dos Esquemas de Gênero do Autoconceito (IEGA). Análises de variância multivariada (One-Way MANOVA) foram realizadas correlacionando a variável independente "grupo" com os fatores das escalas masculina e feminina (variáveis dependentes) do instrumento. Os resultados demonstraram que os grupos não diferem em relação aos fatores da escala masculina, mas o grupo 3 difere dos demais grupos em relação aos fatores Sensualidade e Responsabilidade da escala feminina. Conclui-se que as características do desporto somadas e o biotipo das atletas contribuem para a aplicação de estereótipos sexuais.Palavras-chave: estereótipos; masculinidade; feminilidade; esporte. Gender Stereotypes Applied in Female AthletesABSTRACT -The purpose of this article was to evaluate if the sport characteristics and athlete biotype promote sex stereotypes applications. Three groups with different sport involvement were analyzed: a) group 1 -compounded by athletes, b) group 2 -compounded by Physical Educators (students and teachers) and c) group 3 -compounded by sedentary people. The SelfConcept Gender Schemas Inventory (IEGA) was used to evaluate the sample. One Way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were performed among "groups" (independent variable) and masculine and feminine factors (dependent variables) of the instrument. The results showed that there were no differences among groups in masculine factors, but there were in feminine factors Sensuality and Responsibility. The sedentary people perceived female athletes as having fewer feminine characteristics than the other groups did. These results confi rm the hypothesis that sport characteristics and athlete biotype promote sex stereotypes applications. Etimologicamente, o termo estereótipo deriva de duas palavras gregas stereo (rígido) e tipo (traço), e refere-se a "tornar fixo, inalterável" (Ferreira, 1999). Aplicado à Psicologia, este termo designa um sistema de crenças compartilhadas acerca de atributos, geralmente traços de personalidade ou comportamentos costumeiros, atribuídos a determinados grupos (Rodrigues, Assmar & Jablonski, 1999). É uma construção cognitiva ou sócio-cognitiva a respeito de características compartilhadas por determinados grupos. Enquanto construção cognitiva, os estereótipos assemelham-se aos esquemas cognitivos que são estruturas formadas a partir de nossas experiências passadas, compostas por uma associação de variáveis que permitem aos indivíduos compreenderem as suas próprias experiências e a organizar a ampla variedade de informações que possuem sobre si mesmos e sobre os outros (Markus, 1977;Markus, Crane, Bernstein & Siladi, 1982).A ps...

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A Multifactorial Approach to the Study of Gender Characteristics

Cited by 50 publications

References 70 publications

Beyond sex differences: new approaches for thinking about variation in brain structure and function

Beyond sex differences: new approaches for thinking about variation in brain structure and function

Gender identity and substance use among students in two high schools in Monterrey, Mexico

Estereótipos de gênero aplicados a mulheres atletas

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