“…In this study, due to the adoption of the hybrid VOF/DPM methodology, we can effectively simulate all stages of the shock-induced breakup, including the birth and the dynamics of small liquid particles that are consequently originated. Differently from what was recently performed in the Eulerian/Lagrangian model proposed in [42], here, the number of Lagrangian particles is not predetermined, but is increasing with time depending on the verification of the two transition criteria discussed in Section 2.2. The VOF-to-DPM method employs a dynamic mesh adaptation strategy, where the mesh resolution is automatically increased in the transition region between the two different phases, according to the volume fraction gradient field.…”