“…3,30,32,33,35,41 PARITY Of the six studies that investigated the mother's parity, none found that it had influenced the course of PPD. 26,27,29,32,33,35 ETHNICITY Five studies investigated the possible influence of ethnicity. Howell and colleagues 35 found that chronically depressed mothers were more frequently nonwhite than mothers in their other three subgroups (never depressed, in remission, late onset).…”