A Multisite‐Binding Switchable Fluorescent Probe for Monitoring Mitochondrial ATP Level Fluctuation in Live Cells

Abstract

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), commonly produced in mitochondria, is required by almost all the living organisms; thus fluorescent probes for monitoring mitochondrial ATP levels fluctuation are essential and highly desired. Herein, we report a multisite-binding switchable fluorescent probe, ATP-Red 1, which selectively and rapidly responds to intracellular concentrations of ATP. Live-cell imaging indicated that ATP-Red 1 mainly localized to mitochondria with good biocompatibility and membrane penetration. In particular, with the help of ATP-Red 1, we successfully observed not only the decreased mitochondrial ATP levels in the presence of KCN and starvation state, but also the increased mitochondrial ATP levels in the early stage of cell apoptosis. These results indicate that ATP-Red 1 is a useful tool for investigating ATP-relevant biological processes.

Discerning the Chemistry in Individual Organelles with Small‐Molecule Fluorescent Probes

“…[98] By introducing ab iocompatible BAMu nit as the lipid anchor into aknown probe for ATP, they drove the staining regime to the plasma membrane,a sconfirmedb y Scheme 30. [98] By introducing ab iocompatible BAMu nit as the lipid anchor into aknown probe for ATP, they drove the staining regime to the plasma membrane,a sconfirmedb y Scheme 30.…”

A Toolbox of Chromones and Quinolones for Measuring a Wide Range of ATP Concentrations

“…This approach has proven its efficiency over time and is still used for designing new receptors . To increase the stability of the probe–ATP complexes and decrease the detection limit, the principle of phosphate coordination with Zn 2+ ion was proposed and utilized in many ATP probe constructs (Figure S1‐A in the Supporting Information). Moreover, application of luminescent europium complexes decreased the contribution of autofluorescence and increased the signal‐to‐noise ratio .…”

RGB‐Color Intensiometric Indicators to Visualize Spatiotemporal Dynamics of ATP in Single Cells

“…To achieve high resolution spatiotemporal imaging at a single cell level, fluorescent indicators capable of reporting intracellular ATP levels have emerged as promising tools compared with classical luciferin-luciferase ATP bioluminescence assays. Recent advances in technologies, including Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) or ratiometric-based genetically-encoded indicators [3][4][5][6] and chemical probes [7][8] , have helped to elucidate the roles of ATP in various cellular functions. However, simultaneuosly imaging the dynamics of ATP in different organelles within the same cell has not been possible as a result of the limited usability of indicators to accommodate existing excitation and emission wavelength windows.…”