“…As such, depression severity is an excellent marker of treatment non-response among heterogeneous patient populations encountered in outpatient and inpatient settings. Accurate identification of individuals at risk of persistent depressive symptoms could lead to more rapid implementation of augmentation strategies to optimize clinical outcomes (Dunner et al, 2014;Holtzheimer and Mayberg, 2012). Biologically-based strategies for early identification of treatment resistant depression (TRD) have been explored including: neuroimaging (Konarski et al, 2009;Mayberg et al, 1997;Siegle et al, 2006Siegle et al, , 2012Stroup et al, 2006), genetic (Ising et al, 2009, Uher et al, 2009, electroencephalographic (Leuchter et al, 2009), and immune-related measures (Raison et al, 2013).…”