“…These studies range from estimating the elevated numbers of deaths from certain illnesses or injuries for specific workers (e.g., proportionate mortality studies, standardized mortality studies) [Robinson et al, 1995;Singleton and Beaumont, 1989;Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1987;Mace, 1986;Milham, 1983] to estimating a worker's lifetime risk of dying of a stated illness based on exposure to a hazard in a specific job [Palmer and Rickett, 1992;Nurminen et al, 1992;Stayner et al, 1992;Smith and Stayner, 1990;Hodgson and Jones, 1990;Friedberg et al, 1989;Dong et al, 1988;NIOSH, 1987;Purchase et al, 1987;Siegel et al, 1983]. These studies range from estimating the elevated numbers of deaths from certain illnesses or injuries for specific workers (e.g., proportionate mortality studies, standardized mortality studies) [Robinson et al, 1995;Singleton and Beaumont, 1989;Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1987;Mace, 1986;Milham, 1983] to estimating a worker's lifetime risk of dying of a stated illness based on exposure to a hazard in a specific job [Palmer and Rickett, 1992;Nurminen et al, 1992;Stayner et al, 1992;Smith and Stayner, 1990;Hodgson and Jones, 1990;Friedberg et al, 1989;Dong et al, 1988;NIOSH, 1987;Purchase et al, 1987;Siegel et al, 1983].…”