A nano-sized gel-in-oil suspension for transcutaneous protein delivery

Development of Topical/Transdermal Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems, Not as Simple as Expected

“…Therefore, these evaluations indicate a potential release of the encapsulated drugs from oral SEDDSs [33]. For the purpose of topical/transdermal drug delivery, droplet size determines an important aspect of diffusion, as smaller particles tend to portray faster, together with increasingly significant permeation across the SC [111][112][113]. Decreased droplet sizes can be supported by including surfactants that reduce interfacial tension in order to establish the formation of fine droplets [114].…”

“…Decreased droplet sizes can be supported by including surfactants that reduce interfacial tension in order to establish the formation of fine droplets [114]. Thus, the lipid-altering potential, along with droplet refinement potential, of surfactants can assist in the successful delivery of topical/transdermal SEDDSs [58,111,112,114]. Likewise, finer droplets comprising lipophilic drugs have demonstrated an increased affinity for subcutaneous lymphatic uptake and could assist in avoiding metabolic processes within the dermis [6,12].…”

The anti-photoaging effect of C-phycocyanin on ultraviolet B-irradiated BALB/c-nu mouse skin

“…Delivering hydrophilic proteins via the skin is challenging because of the inherent barrier effect of the skin ( Anselmo et al, 2019 ). In response to the skin barrier problem, previous studies have successfully enhanced the penetration of protein-based drugs into the skin by using solids-in-oil (S/O) nanodispersion systems ( Tahara et al, 2008 ; Hardiningtyas et al, 2018 ; Hardiningtyas et al, 2019 ). In in vitro skin penetration studies, Safrina et al developed a C-PC transdermal protein delivery system based on S/O nanodispersion technology and found that it promoted C-PC delivery through the cuticle layer of Yucatan micropig skin ( Hardiningtyas et al, 2019 ).…”

“…In response to the skin barrier problem, previous studies have successfully enhanced the penetration of protein-based drugs into the skin by using solids-in-oil (S/O) nanodispersion systems ( Tahara et al, 2008 ; Hardiningtyas et al, 2018 ; Hardiningtyas et al, 2019 ). In in vitro skin penetration studies, Safrina et al developed a C-PC transdermal protein delivery system based on S/O nanodispersion technology and found that it promoted C-PC delivery through the cuticle layer of Yucatan micropig skin ( Hardiningtyas et al, 2019 ). Although the role of C-PC in inducing HO-1 expression via activation of the PKC α/β II-Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway and prevention of primary skin cells' apoptosis when exposed to UVB has been reported, further in vivo studies have not been performed, and to determine its anti-photoaging efficacy and underlying mechanism of action, additional research is required ( Kim et al, 2018 ).…”

“…Meanwhile, the barrier effect of the skin layer making it is difficult for the transdermal administration of hydrophilic macromolecules such as peptides and proteins, and this situation is a challenge that needs to be overcome in the development of current drug delivery systems. In previous studies, the use of S/O nanodispersion technology could increase the penetration of protein drugs into the skin, where hydrophilic protein molecules could effectively penetrate the hydrophobic stratum corneum (SC) layer through an oil base ( Tahara et al, 2012 ; Kitaoka et al, 2015 ; Hardiningtyas et al, 2019 ). In this method, surfactant–protein complexes in which the protein is encapsulated by hydrophobic surfactant molecules are first prepared and the modified protein can be highly distributed in the desired oil phase ( Pachioni-Vasconcelos Jde et al, 2016 ).…”