A Narrative Review of Contemporary Global Perspectives into Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prognosis of Vertebrobasilar Strokes

Abstract

Blood flow interruptions to the posterior cerebral circulation hallmark vertebrobasilar strokes (VBS), leading to mortality and significant disabilities, yet optimal therapy prevails unpublished. Recent epidemiological evidence indicates that VBS account for nearly 1/5 of all ischemic strokes globally, with acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) contributing significant disabilities in nearly 1/3 of the victims. The prevalence of VBS in Africa is close to 5%, majorly in large intracranial vessels. Etiologically, Stenosis accounts for 20% of all VBS, while aneurysms face up to a 3% rupture rate. Furthermore, intravenous alteplase is the gold standard medical therapy for the cases presenting within 3 to 4.5 hours post-baseline regarding management options. Nevertheless, there is no consensus for BAO beyond 4.5 hours post-onset. Stent retrievers are the first-line endovascular reperfusion therapy device proposed. However, an 18% risk of in-stent restenosis is a significant drawback. Comprehensive prognostic factors are addressed in this review. However, prospective, multicenter, controlled studies are needed to clarify the time window dilemmas facing posterior circulation strokes. This narrative review explores recent VBS epidemiology, management advances, and prognosis.Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2021;4(3):418-429

Double Transverse Foramina—An Anatomical Basis for Possible Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency Risk and Vertebral Artery Injury

“…Most strokes and transient ischemic attacks occur in the vertebrobasilar territory. It is stated that ethnicity is a factor as much as gender in intracranial atherosclerotic disease [14], and is estimated to cause 10-15% of ischemic strokes in Western countries [15]. This rate rises to 54% in Asian populations.…”