A Narrative Review of Gut-Muscle Axis and Sarcopenia: The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota

Zhao, Jiaxi; Huang, Yiqin; Yu, Xiaofeng

doi:10.2147/ijgm.s301141

Cited by 52 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…Over recent years, probiotics have been used in athletes because of their improved performance and reduced fatigue after exercise [ 128 ]. Animal studies employing mice showed that 4-week supplementation of Lactobacillus salivarius could significantly improve muscle strength and endurance, increase liver and muscle glycogen storage, and acid kinase after exercise [ 129 ].…”

Section: Pathomechanism Of Changes In Skeletal Muscle In Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifactorial Mechanism of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Role of Physical Exercise, Microbiota and Myokines

Bilski

Pierzchalski

Szczepanik

et al. 2022

Cells

100

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Obesity and ageing place a tremendous strain on the global healthcare system. Age-related sarcopenia is characterized by decreased muscular strength, decreased muscle quantity, quality, and decreased functional performance. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a condition that combines sarcopenia and obesity and has a substantial influence on the older adults’ health. Because of the complicated pathophysiology, there are disagreements and challenges in identifying and diagnosing SO. Recently, it has become clear that dysbiosis may play a role in the onset and progression of sarcopenia and SO. Skeletal muscle secretes myokines during contraction, which play an important role in controlling muscle growth, function, and metabolic balance. Myokine dysfunction can cause and aggravate obesity, sarcopenia, and SO. The only ways to prevent and slow the progression of sarcopenia, particularly sarcopenic obesity, are physical activity and correct nutritional support. While exercise cannot completely prevent sarcopenia and age-related loss in muscular function, it can certainly delay development and slow down the rate of sarcopenia. The purpose of this review was to discuss potential pathways to muscle deterioration in obese individuals. We also want to present the current understanding of the role of various factors, including microbiota and myokines, in the process of sarcopenia and SO.

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Section: Pathomechanism Of Changes In Skeletal Muscle In Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifactorial Mechanism of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Role of Physical Exercise, Microbiota and Myokines

Bilski

Pierzchalski

Szczepanik

et al. 2022

Cells

100

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“…This was demonstrated by a metagenomic (16S DNA) analysis of stool samples from elite athletes before and after running a marathon. After running, the most remarkable difference was a substantial increase in species of the Veillonella genus, which metabolize lactate into acetate and propionate [84]. A similar study in Olympic rowers found that the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria increased, and insulin sensitivity was improved after prolonged rowing [82].…”

Section: Gut Microbiota Sarcopenia and Gut-muscle Axismentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Nay et al [17], also found that eliminating the gut bacteria using antibiotics impairs muscle function and endurance, partly due to muscle glycogen depletion [17]. It has also been shown that elite athletes increase both microbial diversity and abundance during extreme exercise [81] but mainly increase bacteria-produced SCFA [81][82][83][84]. This was demonstrated by a metagenomic (16S DNA) analysis of stool samples from elite athletes before and after running a marathon.…”

Section: Gut Microbiota Sarcopenia and Gut-muscle Axismentioning

confidence: 95%

Sarcopenia Is a Cause and Consequence of Metabolic Dysregulation in Aging Humans: Effects of Gut Dysbiosis, Glucose Dysregulation, Diet and Lifestyle

Daily¹,

Park

2022

Cells

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Skeletal muscle mass plays a critical role in a healthy lifespan by helping to regulate glucose homeostasis. As seen in sarcopenia, decreased skeletal muscle mass impairs glucose homeostasis, but it may also be caused by glucose dysregulation. Gut microbiota modulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and various metabolites that affect the host metabolism, including skeletal muscle tissues, and may have a role in the sarcopenia etiology. Here, we aimed to review the relationship between skeletal muscle mass, glucose homeostasis, and gut microbiota, and the effect of consuming probiotics and prebiotics on the development and pathological consequences of sarcopenia in the aging human population. This review includes discussions about the effects of glucose metabolism and gut microbiota on skeletal muscle mass and sarcopenia and the interaction of dietary intake, physical activity, and gut microbiome to influence sarcopenia through modulating the gut–muscle axis. Emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome can regulate both skeletal muscle mass and function, in part through modulating the metabolisms of short-chain fatty acids and branch-chain amino acids that might act directly on muscle in humans or indirectly through the brain and liver. Dietary factors such as fats, proteins, and indigestible carbohydrates and lifestyle interventions such as exercise, smoking, and alcohol intake can both help and hinder the putative gut–muscle axis. The evidence presented in this review suggests that loss of muscle mass and function are not an inevitable consequence of the aging process, and that dietary and lifestyle interventions may prevent or delay sarcopenia.

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“…As time goes by, this makes the body weaker and more susceptible to various diseases [ 14 ]. However, there is an increasing awareness of the relationship between the initial gut microbiota and human health, especially the role of the gut–muscle axis, which plays an important role in exercise performance amongst the elderly [ 15 ]. The structure of the gut microbiota changes through factors such as age, diet, antibiotic intake, disease, and other factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its imbalance is closely related to human health and disease and is considered to be a possible determinant of healthy aging [ 16 ]. On the other hand, it can regulate the pathophysiology of age-related sarcopenia through various mechanisms (such as inflammation and immunity, material and energy metabolism, endocrine, and insulin sensitivity), and regulate chronic inflammation and anabolic pathways to directly or indirectly affect muscle mass and function, so as to achieve the optimal “gut–muscle axis” [ 15 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 Improves Muscle Mass and Functional Performance in Frail Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial

Lee

Lee³

et al. 2021

Microorganisms

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Sarcopenia is a condition in which there is a loss of muscle caused by aging and it is one of the most significant factors that affects physical fragility. In recent years, the role of the gut–muscle axis has garnered attention as, along with the gut microbiota, it potentially plays a significant role in muscle regeneration, in addition to nutritional supplements and exercise training. Past studies have found that supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 could effectively increase the muscle mass of animals or adult humans. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether the supplementation of L. plantarum TWK10 produces increased muscle mass and improves the functional performance of elderly persons with mild fragility. A total of 68 elderly subjects were recruited, of which 13 subjects were excluded or withdrew from the study. We adopted a double-blind design, and the 55 subjects were randomly divided into three groups: the placebo group, the TWK10 low-dose group (2 × 1010 CFU/day) (TWK10-L), and the TWK10 high-dose group (6 × 1010 colony-forming unit (CFU)/day) (TWK10-H). For 18 weeks, all subjects were required to regularly take experimental samples, perform functional activity testing, and have their body composition analyzed before the study and every six weeks after the intervention. Finally, 17 subjects in the placebo group, 12 subjects in the TWK10-L group, and 13 subjects in the TWK10-H group finished the study. It was found that supplementation with TWK10 had a tendency to increase and improve muscle mass, left hand grip strength, lower limb muscle strength, and gait speed and balance after the sixth week, especially in the TWK10-H group, and, as the supplement time was longer up to the 18th week, it had an even greater effect (p < 0.05). In conclusion, consecutive supplementation of L. plantarum TWK10 for more than six weeks could effectively improve the muscle strength and endurance of the elderly, reducing sarcopenia and physical fragility. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04893746.

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A Narrative Review of Gut-Muscle Axis and Sarcopenia: The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota

Cited by 52 publications

References 100 publications

Multifactorial Mechanism of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Role of Physical Exercise, Microbiota and Myokines

Multifactorial Mechanism of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Role of Physical Exercise, Microbiota and Myokines

Sarcopenia Is a Cause and Consequence of Metabolic Dysregulation in Aging Humans: Effects of Gut Dysbiosis, Glucose Dysregulation, Diet and Lifestyle

Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 Improves Muscle Mass and Functional Performance in Frail Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial

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