A Narrative Review of the Anti‐Hyperglycemic and Satiating Effects of Fish Protein Hydrolysates and Their Bioactive Peptides

Abstract

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and overweight/obesity are increasing globally. Food supplementation as a preventative option has become an attractive option in comparison to increased pharmacotherapy dependency. Hydrolysates of fish processing waste and by-products have become particularly interesting in a climate of increased food wastage awareness and are rapidly gaining traction in food research. This review summarizes the available research so far on the potential effect of these hydrolysates on diabetes and appetite suppression. Scopus and Web of Science are searched using eight keywords (fish, hydrolysate, peptides, satiating, insulinotropic, incretin, anti-obesity, DPP-4 [dipeptidylpeptidase-4/IV]) returning a total of 2549 results. Following exclusion criteria (repeated appearances, non-fish marine sources [e.g., macroalgae], and irrelevant bioactivities [e.g., immunomodulatory, anti-thrombotic]), 44 relevant publications are included in this review. Stimulation of hormone secretion, regulation of glucose uptake, anorexigenic potential, identified mechanisms of action, and research conducted on the most potent bioactive peptides identified within these hydrolysates are all specifically addressed. Results of this review conclude that despite wide methodological variation between studies, there is significant potential for the application of fish protein hydrolysates in the management of bodyweight and hyperglycemia.

Characteristics of Food Protein-Derived Antidiabetic Bioactive Peptides: A Literature Update

“…So far, several human studies have evaluated the anti-diabetes efficiency of foodprotein hydrolysates or peptides. Milk and fish protein hydrolysates containing bioactive peptides are commonly used and the most applied [32,[189][190][191][192][193][194]. In sixty male and female diabetes patients treated orally and daily with 10 mg of fish collagen peptides (properties DPP-IV inhibitors), a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose and transition of glycosylated hemoglobin to normal levels was observed after three months of management [193].…”

“…Currently, food-derived antidiabetic peptides with lesser side effects than commercial drugs have been isolated from various dietary proteins [15,16,20]. Different food-protein hydrolysates from milk, meat products, plants, and marine organisms are high recommendations as excellent sources of bioactive peptides [2,3,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38].…”

Macroalgal protein hydrolysates from Palmaria palmata influence the ‘incretin effect’ in vitro via DPP-4 inhibition and upregulation of insulin, GLP-1 and GIP secretion

“…Thus, greater emphasis must be placed on ensuring food security [48]. Novel sources are being pursued to address this, one such being the exploration of marine sources like seaweeds, industry off-cuts and underutilised, or low value fish species, many of which are currently used as animal and farmed fish/shellfish feed [31,49,50]. Algal proteins are of particular interest due to a favourable amino acid composition, containing all nine essential amino acids [51], combined with a relatively high protein content, particularly for red seaweeds which often contain ≥ 30% of protein by dry weight [52].…”

The potential of marine resources for retinal diseases: a systematic review of the molecular mechanisms

“…In particular, protein hydrolysates from different fish species promoted insulin and incretin hormone secretion and inhibited dipeptidylpeptidase-4 enzyme activity in cell culture and animal models. However, plasma insulin remained unaffected in human studies with fish hydrolysates (Sharkey et al 2020). Algal polyphenols blocked glucose metabolism enzymes and reduced fasting blood glucose levels in rodent models of diabetes and obesity.…”