A Narrative Review of the Physical Demands and Injury Incidence in American Football: Application of Current Knowledge and Practices in Workload Management

Edwards, Toby; Spiteri, Tania; Piggott, Ben; Haff, G. Gregory; Joyce, Christopher

doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0783-2

Cited by 24 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…being tackled by an opponent). Twenty collisions represent match demands similar to those reported for professional RL (Hausler et al 2016 ), rugby union (Quarrie et al 2013 ), rugby sevens (Clarke et al 2017 ), Australian football (Gray and Jenkins 2010 ) and American football (Edwards et al 2017 ). The corresponding nCOLL session replicated the COLL session exactly, however, without collisions.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Team-based collision sports such as rugby league, rugby union, rugby sevens, American Football and Australian Football are defined by frequent high-intensity collisions (Clarke et al 2017 ; Edwards et al 2017 ; Gray and Jenkins 2010 ; Hausler et al 2016 ; Quarrie et al 2013 ). Collision events include tackling, isometric holding, blocking, wrestling, hit-ups and impacts with the playing surface (Naughton et al 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both collision frequency and magnitude are sport, match and position specific; however, typically reflect increases in physical fitness, anthropometric quality and playing ability within professional athlete cohorts (Clarke et al 2017 ; Hausler et al 2016 ). Accordingly, high-intensity collisions peak at nearly three events per minute within professional match play (Hausler et al 2016 ), producing impacts that often exceed ‘severe’ gravitational forces (> 10 G; Edwards et al 2017 ; Hausler et al 2016 ). Unsurprisingly, collision event success has been associated with both increased performance (Tim and Peter 2009 ) and a decreased injury risk (Tucker et al 2017 ), defining training preparation, match performance and subsequent recovery of collision-based sports (Clarke et al 2017 ; Edwards et al 2017 ; Gray and Jenkins 2010 ; Hausler et al 2016 ; Quarrie et al 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Collision activity during training increases total energy expenditure measured via doubly labelled water

et al. 2018

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PurposeCollision sports are characterised by frequent high-intensity collisions that induce substantial muscle damage, potentially increasing the energetic cost of recovery. Therefore, this study investigated the energetic cost of collision-based activity for the first time across any sport.MethodsUsing a randomised crossover design, six professional young male rugby league players completed two different 5-day pre-season training microcycles. Players completed either a collision (COLL; 20 competitive one-on-one collisions) or non-collision (nCOLL; matched for kinematic demands, excluding collisions) training session on the first day of each microcycle, exactly 7 days apart. All remaining training sessions were matched and did not involve any collision-based activity. Total energy expenditure was measured using doubly labelled water, the literature gold standard.ResultsCollisions resulted in a very likely higher (4.96 ± 0.97 MJ; ES = 0.30 ± 0.07; p = 0.0021) total energy expenditure across the 5-day COLL training microcycle (95.07 ± 16.66 MJ) compared with the nCOLL training microcycle (90.34 ± 16.97 MJ). The COLL training session also resulted in a very likely higher (200 ± 102 AU; ES = 1.43 ± 0.74; p = 0.007) session rating of perceived exertion and a very likely greater (− 14.6 ± 3.3%; ES = − 1.60 ± 0.51; p = 0.002) decrease in wellbeing 24 h later.ConclusionsA single collision training session considerably increased total energy expenditure. This may explain the large energy expenditures of collision-sport athletes, which appear to exceed kinematic training and match demands. These findings suggest fuelling professional collision-sport athletes appropriately for the “muscle damage caused” alongside the kinematic “work required”.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00421-018-3846-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Collision activity during training increases total energy expenditure measured via doubly labelled water

et al. 2018

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“…Specifically, UK university players were found to have a greater risk of concussion and more severe injuries. Running backs and linebackers were found to have the highest injury rates, potentially due to their involvement in high-speed tackles (Edwards et al, 2018;Ward et al, 2018). Moreover, injury rates in offensive and defensive linemen were proportionally higher than US collegiate athletes (Badgeley et al, 2013;Dompier et al, 2015;Bayram et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Concussion Reporting and Safeguarding Policy Development in British American Football: An Essential Agenda

Travis

Thornton

Scott-Bell

2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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The objective of this study was to examine concussion reporting and safeguarding policy in British American Football (BAF). Data were collected via an online survey tool. The data presented are part of a broader study that examined injury profiles, concussion reporting behaviors, and medical provision in BAF. Concussion-like symptoms were found in over half (58.8%) of the participants. Of those, 36.4% reported they had previously been formally diagnosed with a concussion while playing BAF. Just under half of the participants (44.7%) had suspected they had had a concussion, although it was not formally diagnosed, and 23.5% of the participants had previously hidden concussion symptoms. Fifty-eight percent of the teams reported they did not have a regular game-day medic, with a range of hired medical personnel who attended the games. Prominent barriers to hiring a medic included budget, institutional support shortfall, and lack of medic reliability and game knowledge. BAF is a developing sport with a clear vision for growth of participation. Yet, the current concussion and medical provision policies do not address the sport's welfare needs. Through discussion of these policies in the context of this study's findings, we highlight vital areas of concern in policy and practice that the British American Football Association needs to address in their medical and concussion policies.

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“…NCAA football players are frequently exposed to violent collisions, high-velocity ball contact, and ground-level falls throughout the course of competition. 14 Given the multitude of potential mechanisms of injury, hand and wrist injuries, including scaphoid fractures, phalanx and metacarpal fractures, triangular fibrocartilage complex and scapholunate tears, and flexor and extensor tendon ruptures, are prevalent among high-level football players. 3,15 These injuries can be quite debilitating for football players.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Hand and Wrist Injuries in NCAA Men’s Football: 2009–2010 to 2013–2014

Bartels

Hevesi

Wyles

et al. 2019

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: Participation in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football is at an all-time high. This population of athletes experiences a substantial injury burden, with many injuries affecting the upper extremities. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries in college football players from the academic years 2009–2010 to 2013–2014. We hypothesized that variables such as event type (practice vs game), mechanism of injury, and player position would have an effect on the injury incidence. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: An epidemiological study utilizing the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program was performed to investigate rates and patterns of hand and wrist injuries in participating varsity football teams from 2009–2010 to 2013–2014. Results: A total of 725 hand and wrist injuries were captured in 899,225 athlete-exposures. The observed practice injury rate was 0.51 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures, compared with a game injury rate of 3.60 ( P < .01). Player-on-player contact was the most common injury mechanism reported, with blocking being the most common activity at the time of injury. Offensive linemen were most likely to experience an injury. Of all injuries sustained, 71.4% resulted in no time loss from competition, whereas 9.8% of injuries resulted in longer than 7 days of time loss. A fracture resulted in the greatest time loss from competition (mean ± SD, 8.3 ± 24.0 days; median, 0 days [range, 0-148 days] for injuries sustained in a practice setting) (mean ± SD, 7.7 ± 15.8 days; median, 0 days [range, 0-87 days] for injuries sustained in a game setting). Conclusion: Hand and wrist injuries were found to be significantly more common in games when compared with practices. This study provides valuable prognostic data regarding expected time loss on a per-injury pattern basis. Further investigation on specific injury subtypes and expected time loss as a result of these injures would provide trainers, players, and coaches with useful information on an expected postinjury recovery and rehabilitation timeline.

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A Narrative Review of the Physical Demands and Injury Incidence in American Football: Application of Current Knowledge and Practices in Workload Management

Cited by 24 publications

References 46 publications

Collision activity during training increases total energy expenditure measured via doubly labelled water

Collision activity during training increases total energy expenditure measured via doubly labelled water

Concussion Reporting and Safeguarding Policy Development in British American Football: An Essential Agenda

Epidemiology of Hand and Wrist Injuries in NCAA Men’s Football: 2009–2010 to 2013–2014

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