A Narrative Review on Microencapsulation of Obligate Anaerobe Probiotics Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

Use of Lactulose as Prebiotic and Chitosan Coating for Improvement the Viability of Lactobacillus sp. FM4.C1.2 Microencapsulate with Alginate

“…Despite the heterogeneity (Figures 3 and 4E), the size of the microcapsules obtained by the emulsion technique is within the suggested range to be used in food, since it is considered that smaller than 1000 µm offer greater protection to probiotics [45]. Song et al [46] reported sizes like ours, with values ranging between 35 and 863 µm.…”

“…Based on this analysis and given that the results of all the treatments were acceptable, for the next stage of the study (microcapsule coating) treatments T3, T9, T14, T15 and T16 were selected, each one taken from a different group (except for red cluster) with in order to observe the behavior given the difference between them. Despite the heterogeneity (Figures 3 and 4E), the size of the microcapsules obtained by the emulsion technique is within the suggested range to be used in food, since it is considered that smaller than 1000 µm offer greater protection to probiotics [45]. Song et al [46] reported sizes like ours, with values ranging between 35 and 863 µm.…”

“…These two treatments come from different encapsulation techniques, but they have in common that both treatments contained 2% lactulose, in contrast to the other treatments that contained 4% of the prebiotic. It has been reported that alginate forms structures that can present porosity and allow the passage of acid, causing decreased viability of the bacteria [45]; however, the results obtained with microencapsulated cells for treatments T14-T16 (4% of lactulose) reveal that lactulose at this concentration could be acting as a protective agent against acidity or, where appropriate, interacting with the alginate to form a more impermeable barrier to protons. This same behavior observed in the first stage of the study could verify the action of lactulose.…”

Potential Role of Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Growth Regulation of Yellowtail Kingfish Seriola lalandi in Different Stocking Densities

“…Combined with the significantly different genera in the dominant genera, we classified Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, the genus represented by Ruminococcaceae_UCG, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia-Shigella, Prevotella, Faecalibaculum, Sphingomonas, Bacillus, the genus represented by MND1, Klebsiella, Dongia, Weissella, Lactococcus, Sutterella, and Blautia into the core microbiota according to the principles of dominance, commonality, and difference, which include two types of dominant genera (the dominant shared genera and the significantly different dominant genera). Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus are generally potential probiotics in aquaculture, and reports have indicated that these potential probiotics increased the growth performance of the host [34][35][36][37][38]. Faecalibaculum might be helpful in the microbiota-modulating treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases [39].…”

Probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease: review of mechanisms and effectiveness

“…There is growing interest in utilizing bacteria identified from comparative analyses of human microbiome compositions, such as A. muciniphila and F. prausnitzii , as probiotic candidates, collectively described as ‘next-generation’ probiotics. Translating these observations in to a successful therapy has been challenging for a number of reasons not least the fact that these are strict anaerobes [10], and also given their lack of widespread use, are not yet proven safe for commercial use [11].…”