A Narrative Review on Various Oil Extraction Methods, Encapsulation Processes, Fatty Acid Profiles, Oxidative Stability, and Medicinal Properties of Black Seed (Nigella sativa)

Abstract

The current review investigates the effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) on human health, which is also used to encapsulate and oxidative stable in different food products. In recent decades, many extraction methods, such as cold pressing, supercritical fluid extraction, Soxhlet extraction, hydro distillation (HD) method, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction, steam distillation, and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) have been used to extract the oils from black seeds under optimal conditions. Black seed oil contains essential fatty acids, in which the major fatty acids are linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids. The oxidative stability of black seed oil is very low, due to various environmental conditions or factors (temperature and light) affecting the stability. The oxidative stability of black seed oil has been increased by using encapsulation methods, including nanoprecipitation, ultra-sonication, spray-drying, nanoprecipitation, electrohydrodynamic, atomization, freeze-drying, a electrospray technique, and coaxial electrospraying. Black seed, oil, microcapsules, and their components have been used in various food processing, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetics industries as functional ingredients for multiple purposes. Black seed and oil contain thymoquinone as a major component, which has anti-oxidant, -diabetic, -inflammatory, -cancer, -viral, and -microbial properties, due to its phenolic compounds. Many clinical and experimental studies have indicated that the black seed and their by-products can be used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, chronic cancer, diabetes, oxidative stress, polycystic ovary syndrome, metabolic disorders, hypertension, asthma, and skin disorders. In this review, we are focusing on black seed oil composition and increasing the stability using different encapsulation methods. It is used in various food products to increase the human nutrition and health properties.

Variation in the Composition and Quality of Nigella sativa L. Seed Oils—The Underestimated Impact on Possible Health-Promoting Properties

“…Currently, in the online database “ ”, there are 31 clinical studies on N. sativa L. with the status “completed” (25 studies) and the status “recruiting” (six studies)—access date: 25 July 2023. These clinical and other animal-based studies confirmed the analgesic; anticancer; antidiabetic; anti-inflammatory; antimicrobial; antioxidant; antitussive; broncho-dilating; gastro-, hepato-, and neuroprotective; immunomodulatory; and spasmolytic effects of the N. sativa L. oil [ 3 , 6 , 10 , 11 ].…”

“…This plant is called black cumin, black seed, cumin noir, or black caraway in English [ 4 ]. Its seeds are currently used in a variety of food preparations, such as bread, cookies, cheese, yoghurt, meatballs, mayonnaise, ice cream, pork pies, and ground mutton, and for the production of valuable oil [ 5 , 6 ]. Simultaneously, N. sativa L. is one of the most investigated medicinal plants in recent years.…”

Pengaruh Pemberian Kapsul Jintan Hitam terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Ibu Rumah Tangga

“…19 Jintan hitam memiliki potensi besar untuk penyembuhan penyakit dan peningkatan kesehatan; penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengubah budaya obat herbal ke sistem pengobatan baru. 20 Fitosterol yang terkandung dalam jintan hitam memiliki kemampuan berkompetisi dengan kolesterol dalam hal penyerapannya di dalam penyerapa pada usus. Sementara itu, kandungan oleat atau omega-9 merupakan unsur penting dari keluarga omega yang memiliki asam lek tak jenuh tunggal.…”

Nigella sativa and health outcomes: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

“…Nigella sativa (N. sativa) is an annual flowering plant of the Ranunculaceae family that grows widely in Middle Eastern and European countries ( 1 ). It has been used as a functional food, health product and medicine for thousands of years, suggesting that it may have some potential benefits for people ( 2 – 4 ). In traditional medicine, N. sativa is used for respiratory, digestive, and cardiovascular diseases, such as asthma, dyspepsia, and hypertension, and to improve liver and kidney function ( 5 – 9 ).…”