A Nascent HIV Type 1 Epidemic among Injecting Drug Users in Kabul, Afghanistan Is Dominated by Complex AD Recombinant Strain, CRF35_AD

Sanders‐Buell, Eric; Saad, Maghdi D.; Abed, Abdullah M.S.; Bose, Meera; Todd, Catherine S.; Strathdee, Steffanie A.; Botros, Boulos A.; Safi, Naqibullah; Earhart, Kenneth C.; Scott, Paul T.; Michael, N.; McCutchan, Francine E.

doi:10.1089/aid.2006.0299

Cited by 38 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Subtype AD, which is also a variant of A, has been reported from IDUs in Afghanistan and Iran in 2007, 15 while two separate studies in Manipur have reported subtype C as the predominant subtype among IDUs in India. 16,17 ARV drug resistance rates were 7.4% in East Asia and 5.7% in Southeast Asia, 3 but we found a higher rate (21.2%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Mutations Among Treated and Treatment-Naive Patients in Pakistan: Diversity of the HIV Type 1 pol Gene in Pakistan

Shah

Xing

Altaf

et al. 2011

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pakistan is experiencing a growing HIV epidemic. Antiretroviral drugs (ARV) have been smuggled into the country and available without prescription since the early 1990s, but are now provided free of cost by the government. We assessed the prevalence of HIV-1, drug resistance, and subtype distributions. Blood specimens were collected from HIV-1-infected participants registered in Sindh Province on dry blood spot (DBS) cards in 2008. Pol, protease, and partial reverse transcriptase regions were sequenced after reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). HIV-1 subtype was assigned by phylogenetic analysis. Primary drug resistance was analyzed by the Calibrated Population Resistance (CPR) tool using the Stanford Surveillance Drug Resistance Mutation (SDRM) major mutation list. Out of 100 blood samples collected, 42 were suitable for testing. Out of 42, 11 were ARVreceiving and 31 ARV-naive patients. Among them, 24 were injection drug users (IDUs), four immigrants, two hijras (male transvestites), two men who have sex with men (MSM), four prisoners, one female sex workers, two spouses of HIV-infected persons, and four from the general population. ARV resistance among naive patients was 2/31 (6.5%) and 36.4% (4/11) among ARV-experienced patients making an overall resistance of 14.2%. HIV-1 subtype A1 was the predominant subtype found in 35/42 (83.3%) followed by CRF35_AD and C, 6.5% each. Subtype D and G were found in one (2.4%) each. A significant proportion of Pakistani HIV patients has ARV drug resistance. Physicians treating patients should consider the magnitude of drug resistance while selecting regimens, and address drug adherence aggressively.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Mutations Among Treated and Treatment-Naive Patients in Pakistan: Diversity of the HIV Type 1 pol Gene in Pakistan

Shah

Xing

Altaf

et al. 2011

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…10 Descriptive statistics were generated for genotyped samples. Phylogenetic analysis was with PHYLIP, including SEQ-BOOT, DNADIST, NEIGHBOR, and CONSENSE modules, and trees were constructed with Treetool.…”

Section: Sanders-buell Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The analyzed subregions (gag p 17 and ENV C1-C5) revealed close homology between the Hirat IDU specimens and with the previously described Kabul specimens (data not shown). 10 The relations among the Hirat strains were also informative. Among these 10, three distinct subclusters comprised two or three strains, whereas two other Hirat strains were generally equidistant from the Kabul strains.…”

Section: Sanders-buell Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A nascent HIV epidemic among IDUs in Kabul has been reported, with genetic analysis of four samples identifying the unique recombinant CRF35_AD. 10 However, few data are available regarding other risk groups or IDUs in other areas of Afghanistan, a country with diverse populations. As a part of this study, HIV seroprevalence and highrisk behaviors of IDUs and SWs were assessed in three additional Afghan cities, with genetic analysis of confirmed HIV specimens.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Distinct Circulating Recombinant HIV-1 Strains Among Injecting Drug Users and Sex Workers in Afghanistan

Sanders‐Buell¹,

Bose²,

Nasir³

et al. 2010

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Little information is available regarding a circulating HIV genotype among high-risk groups in Afghanistan; we describe HIV genotypes among injecting drug users (IDUs) and sex workers (SWs) in four Afghan cities. Participants completed behavioral questionnaires and HIV testing. Western blot-confirmed specimens had peripheral mononuclear blood cells isolated for genotyping. Analysis of recombinants was done by bootscanning and manual sequence alignment. The single SW sample harbored a CRF01_AE strain. Of 10 IDUs available for analysis, all were CRF35_AD and from Hirat. Analyzed subregions (gag p17 and env C1-C5) revealed close homology between the Hirat specimens. Three distinct subclusters comprising two or three strains were identified, whereas two other strains were generally equidistant from previously identified Kabul strains. Results suggest that the nascent HIV epidemic among IDUs in Hirat is largely, if not entirely, subtype CRF35_AD, and the close homology suggests recent infection; harm reduction should be supported to avert further transmission.

show abstract

“…3 (NAM-RU-3) was requested by MoPH to assist with rebuilding the country's laboratory capacity and improving current syndromic disease surveillance systems based on its earlier collaborations in tick collection, vector identification and human immunodeficiency virus research [7][8][9][10]. In this paper, we describe the methods used by NAMRU-3 in strengthening laboratory capacity building in Kabul and outlying regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capacity building of public health laboratories in Afghanistan: challenges and successes [2007-2011]

Elyan

Monestersky

Wasfy

et al. 2014

East Mediterr Health J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The continuing state of conflict and the resulting devastation of infrastructure have made Afghanistan exceptionally vulnerable to disease epidemics. The paper reports initiatives by the United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 to promote capacity building in a number of key medical laboratories and enable the Afghans to detect emerging and re-emerging diseases of public health importance. Equipment, supplies and laboratory staff training were critical for disease diagnosis and fulfilment of obligations of the International Health Regulations 2005. Accordingly, many diseases outbreaks were recently identified, including avian and pandemic influenza, febrile illness, watery diarrhoea, jaundice and leishmaniasis. Clinical samples and disease vectors were collected for analysis, and microbial isolates were obtained for further characterization. The expanded range and enhanced accuracy of laboratory procedures have facilitated selected local laboratories to monitor, detect, identify, assess, contain and respond to public health threats. Nevertheless, policies of sustainability and infectious diseases control need continuous support and emphasis.

show abstract

A Nascent HIV Type 1 Epidemic among Injecting Drug Users in Kabul, Afghanistan Is Dominated by Complex AD Recombinant Strain, CRF35_AD

Cited by 38 publications

References 29 publications

Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Mutations Among Treated and Treatment-Naive Patients in Pakistan: Diversity of the HIV Type 1 pol Gene in Pakistan

Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Mutations Among Treated and Treatment-Naive Patients in Pakistan: Diversity of the HIV Type 1 pol Gene in Pakistan

Distinct Circulating Recombinant HIV-1 Strains Among Injecting Drug Users and Sex Workers in Afghanistan

Capacity building of public health laboratories in Afghanistan: challenges and successes [2007-2011]

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About