A natural formation scenario for misaligned and short-period eccentric extrasolar planets

Thies, Ingo; Kroupa, Pavel; Goodwin, S. P.; Stamatellos, Dimitris; Whitworth, Anthony Peter

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19390.x

Cited by 117 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Some inclination between the planet orbit and the star's equatorial plane may appear, but it would be limited. The recent discoveries of strongly misaligned transiting exoplanets (Triaud et al 2010) must rely on additional dynamical mechanisms (Chatterjee et al 2008;Nagasawa et al 2008;Thies et al 2011;Batygin 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of stellar flybys on planetary systems: 3D modeling of the circumstellar disk’s damping effects

Picogna¹,

Marzari²

2014

A&A

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Context. Stellar flybys in star clusters are suspected of affecting the orbital architecture of planetary systems causing eccentricity excitation and orbital misalignment between the planet orbit and the equatorial plane of the star. Aims. We explore whether the impulsive changes in the orbital elements of planets, caused by a hyperbolic stellar flyby, can be fully damped by the circumstellar disk surrounding the star. The time required to disperse stellar clusters is comparable to the circumstellar disk's lifetime. Since we perform 3D simulations, we can also test the inclination, excitation, and damping. Methods. We have modeled in 3D with the SPH code VINE, a system made of a solar-type star surrounded by a low density disk with a giant planet embedded in it approached on a hyperbolic encounter trajectory by a second star of similar mass and with its own disk. Different inclinations between the disks, planet orbit, and star trajectory have been considered to explore various encounter geometries. We focus on an extreme configuration where a very deep stellar flyby perturbs a Jovian planet on an external orbit. This allows us to test in full the ability of the disk to erase the effects of the stellar encounter. Results. We find that the amount of mass lost by the disk during the stellar flyby is less than in 2D models where a single disk was considered. This is mostly related to the mass exchange between the two disks at the encounter. The damping in eccentricity is slightly faster than in 2D models and it occurs on timescales on the order of a few kyr. During the flyby both the disks are warped owing to the mutual interaction and to the stellar gravitational perturbations, but they quickly relax to a new orbital plane. The planet is quickly dragged back within the disk by the tidal interaction with the gas. The only trace of the flyby left in the planet system, after about 10 4 yr, is a small misalignment, lower than 9 • , between the star equatorial plane and the planet orbit. Conclusions. In a realistic model based on 3D simulations of star-planet-disk interactions, we find that stellar flybys cannot excite significant eccentricities and inclinations of planets in stellar clusters. The circumstellar disks hosting the planets damp on a short timescale all the step changes in the two orbital parameters produced during any stellar encounter. All records of past encounters are erased.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of stellar flybys on planetary systems: 3D modeling of the circumstellar disk’s damping effects

Picogna¹,

Marzari²

2014

A&A

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“…Interactions between nascent planetesimals, planets and/or the disks and gas out of which they form can all cause migration of planetary orbits (Goldreich & Tremaine 1980;Lin et al 1996;Rasio & Ford 1996;Marcy et al 2003) and misaligned hot Jupiters (Thies et al 2011), with observational evidence recently presented by de Juan Ovelar et al (2012). Diversity may arise in strong star-planet interactions (Lin & Dobbs-Dixon 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamical Interactions Make Hot Jupiters in Open Star Clusters

Shara

Hurley

Mardling

2016

ApJ

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Explaining the origin and evolution of exoplanetary hot Jupiters remains a significant challenge. One possible mechanism for the production of hot Jupitersis planet-planet interactions, which produce them from planets born far from their host stars but near their dynamical stability limits. In the much more likely case of planets born far from their dynamical stability limits, can hot Jupiters be formed in star clusters? Our N-body simulations answer this question in the affirmative, and show that hot Jupiter formation is not a rare event, occurring in ∼1% of star cluster planetary systems. We detail three case studies of the dynamics-induced births of hot Jupiters on highly eccentric orbits that can only occur inside star clusters. The hot Jupiters' orbits bear remarkable similarities to those of some of the most extreme exoplanets known: HAT-P-32b, HAT-P-2b, HD 80606b, and GJ 876d. If stellar perturbations formed these hot Jupiters, then our simulations predict that these very hot inner planets are often accompanied by much more distant gas giants in highly eccentric orbits.

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“…These include chaotic star formation (Bate et al 2010;Thies et al 2011;Fielding et al 2015) and evolution (Rogers et al 2012), magnetic torques from host stars (Lai et al 2011), and gravitational torques from distant companions (Tremaine 1991;Batygin et al 2011;Storch et al 2014). In these scenarios, spin-orbit misalignments are expected to be observed not only among star-hot Jupiter pairs, but also among a broader class of planetary systems, notably those that have never experienced chaotic migration processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stellar Spin–Orbit Alignment for Kepler-9, a Multi-transiting Planetary System with Two Outer Planets Near 2:1 Resonance

Wang

Addison

Fischer

et al. 2018

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We present spectroscopic measurements of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect for the planet b of the Kepler-9 multitransiting planetary system. The resulting sky-projected spin-orbit angle is λ=−13°±16°, which favors an aligned system and strongly disfavors highly misaligned, polar, and retrograde orbits. Including Kepler-9, there are now a total of four Rossiter-McLaughlin effect measurements for multiplanet systems, all of which are consistent with spin-orbit alignment.

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A natural formation scenario for misaligned and short-period eccentric extrasolar planets

Cited by 117 publications

References 35 publications

Effects of stellar flybys on planetary systems: 3D modeling of the circumstellar disk’s damping effects

Effects of stellar flybys on planetary systems: 3D modeling of the circumstellar disk’s damping effects

Dynamical Interactions Make Hot Jupiters in Open Star Clusters

Stellar Spin–Orbit Alignment for Kepler-9, a Multi-transiting Planetary System with Two Outer Planets Near 2:1 Resonance

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