Cholinesterase enzymes are involved in a wide range of
bodily functions,
and their disruption is linked to pathologies such as neurodegenerative
diseases and cancer. While cholinesterase inhibitors are used as drug
treatments for diseases such as Alzheimer and dementia at therapeutic
doses, acute exposure to high doses, found in pesticides and nerve
agents, can be lethal. Therefore, measuring cholinesterase activity
is important for numerous applications ranging from the search for
novel treatments for neurodegenerative disorders to the on-site detection
of potential health hazards. Here, we present the development of a
near-infrared (near-IR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube
(SWCNT) optical sensor for cholinesterase activity and demonstrate
the detection of both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase,
as well as their inhibition. We show sub U L–1 sensitivity,
demonstrate the optical response at the level of individual nanosensors,
and showcase an optical signal output in the 900–1400 nm range,
which overlaps with the biological transparency window. To the best
of our knowledge, this is the longest wavelength cholinesterase activity
sensor reported to date. Our near-IR fluorescence-based approach opens
new avenues for spatiotemporal-resolved detection of cholinesterase
activity, with numerous applications such as advancing the research
of the cholinergic system, detecting on-site potential health hazards,
and measuring biomarkers in real-time.