A needle trap device packed with MIL‐100(Fe) metal organic frameworks for efficient headspace sampling and analysis of urinary BTEXs

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop a new method for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEXs) in urine samples. In this method, MIL‐100(Fe)@Fe3O4@SiO2 metal–organic framework was synthesized, characterized and packed inside a needle trap device (NTD) as a sorbent for headspace extraction of unmetabolized BTEXs from urine samples followed by gas chromatography (GC) analysis. The GC device was equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). The results showed that the optimal extraction time, extraction temperature and salt content were 60 min, 30°C and 5%, respectively. Also, the optimal desorption time and temperature were determined to be 1 min and 250°C, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification of the analytes of interest were in the ranges 0.0001–0.0005 and 0.0003–0.0014 μg ml−1, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day repeatability were <7.6%. The accuracy of the measurements in urine samples was in the range 7.1–11.4%. The results also demonstrated that the proposed NTD offered various advantages such as having high sensitivity and being inexpensive, reusable, user friendly, environmentally friendly and compatible for use with the GC device. Therefore, it can be efficiently used as a MIL–NTD for the extraction and analysis of unmetabolized BTEXs from urine samples.

Determination of halogenated hydrocarbons in urine samples using a needle trap device packed with Ni/Zn–BTC bi-MMOFviathe dynamic headspace method

“… 10 Furthermore, the reported detection limits and quantitation limits to determine the concentration of BTEXs in the urine samples by the HS-SPME:MIL-100–Fe:GC-FID method were in the range of 0.0001–0.0005 and 0.0003 to 0.0014 μg mL −1 , respectively. 39 Moreover, in the study of Tajik et al , the detection limit and quantitation limit levels of urinary volatile organic compounds sampled by the HS-Cool Fiber-SPME technique were determined to be in the range of 0.02–0.07 and 0.07–0.2 ng mL −1 , respectively. 40 A comparison of the results of this study with the other similar studies proves that the proposed method has lower detection limits and quantitation limits and wider ranges than other previous studies.…”

A review of new adsorbents for separation of BTEX biomarkers

“…Recently, the needle trap method has been used to sample volatile compounds in urine and breath with three new sorbents, including single‐wall carbon nanotube (SW‐CNT) mix to sol–gel adsorbent (Zeverdegani, Bahrami, Rismanchian, & Shahna, 2014; Zeverdegani, Bahrami, Shahna, et al, 2014), titanium dioxide–polyaniline core–shell nanocomposite (Banihashemi & Bagheri, 2017) and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) (Saedi et al, 2020).…”

“…Although these compounds have a high adsorption capacity, they have a small granule size. In this regard, the needle's packing can cause a pressure drop and even blockage of the needle during sampling (Saedi et al, 2020). These compounds also cannot tolerate temperatures above 280°C owing to their broken framework.…”

Synthesis and Application of [Zr-UiO-66-PDC-SO3H]Cl MOFs at The Preparation of Dicyanomethylene Pyridines via Chemical and Electrochemical Methods

“…Cooperative gaminal and vinylogous ABO has been reviewed (Figure 1, Parts II and III). 30,31 Behind the chemical studies, many efforts have been done to access a mild and green condition for the electrosynthesis and application of MOFs [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] . Anodic and cathodic electrosynthesis methods are the important techniques that recently have been used for the preparation of various kinds of MOFs [39][40][41][42][43][44] .…”