A neglected disease of humans: A new focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Bakool,Somalia

Marlet, M.V.L.; Wuillaume, F; Jacquet, D.; Quispe, K.W.; Dujardin, Jean Claude; Boelaert, Marleen

doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(03)80099-8

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The Karamoja Region (specifically Nakapiripirit) in Uganda, one of the poorest regions of Uganda, is highly endemic for VL. In Somalia, the civil war has promoted the emergence of VL within the southern states of Bakool, Gedo and Bay [17, 37, 39]. Bakool in South Somalia is particularly known as a highly endemic region for VL and has experienced several disease outbreaks [31, 39].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Somalia, the civil war has promoted the emergence of VL within the southern states of Bakool, Gedo and Bay [17, 37, 39]. Bakool in South Somalia is particularly known as a highly endemic region for VL and has experienced several disease outbreaks [31, 39]. In addition, a re-emergence of VL occurred during the Somalian civil war in Bakool, Gedo and Bay [17, 39] and has been reported among Somalian refugees in Kenya.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bakool in South Somalia is particularly known as a highly endemic region for VL and has experienced several disease outbreaks [31, 39]. In addition, a re-emergence of VL occurred during the Somalian civil war in Bakool, Gedo and Bay [17, 39] and has been reported among Somalian refugees in Kenya. VL human infections in Kenya, Uganda, and Somalia have been identified through molecular techniques L. donovani while a few have been diagnosed as L. infantum in Somalia [38, 40–42].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in South Sudan and the consequences for East African countries

2016

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Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused predominantly by Leishmania donovani and transmitted by both Phlebotomus orientalis and Phlebotomus martini, is highly endemic in East Africa where approximately 30 thousands VL cases are reported annually. The largest numbers of cases are found in Sudan -where Phlebotomus orientalis proliferate in Acacia forests especially on Sudan's eastern border with Ethiopia, followed by South Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya and Uganda. Long-standing civil war and unrest is a dominant determinant of VL in East African countries. Here we attempt to identify the correlation between VL epidemics and civil unrest. Objective and methodology: In this review, literature published between 1955 and 2016 have been gathered from MSF, UNICEF, OCHA, UNHCR, PubMed and Google Scholar to analyse the correlation between conflict and human suffering from VL, which is especially apparent in South Sudan.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in South Sudan and the consequences for East African countries

2016

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“…3 Leishmaniasis is reported to be emerging in new foci in Africa 4,5 and Asia. [6][7][8] Sri Lanka is a tropical island in the Indian Ocean that is divided into 26 administrative districts and 9 provinces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-Sectional Study to Assess Risk Factors for Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Region in Sri Lanka

Ranasinghe¹,

Wickremasinghe

Munasinghe³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Sri Lanka reports significantly more cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases than visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases, both of which are caused by Leishmania donovani MON-37. A cross-sectional study conducted in an area with a high prevalence of CL prevalent included 954 participants of an estimated population of 61,674 to estimate the number of CL cases, ascertain whether there is a pool of asymptomatic VL cases, and identify risk factors for transmission. A total of 31 cases of CL were identified, of whom 21 were previously diagnosed and 10 were new cases. Using rK39 rapid diagnostic test to detect antibodies against Leishmania spp., we found that only one person was seropositive but did not have clinical symptoms of CL or VL, which indicated low transmission of VL in this area. χ 2 test, independent sample t-test, and multivariate analysis of sociodemographic and spatial distribution of environmental risk factors showed that living near paddy fields is associated with increased risk for transmission of CL (P 0.01).

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“…Nei nostri climi i flebotomi scompaiono ai primi freddi autunnali. In particolare, la Leishmaniosi viscerale è causata dalla Leishmania donovani nel subcontinente indiano e nell'Africa orientale dalla Leishmania infantum, entrambi parassiti responsabili di forme acute di malattia che risultano fatali, se non trattate tempestivamente (2,3). In Italia sono presenti due tipi di Leishmaniosi, la EZIOLOGIA ED EPIDEMIOLOGIA I l termine Leishmaniosi indica un gruppo eterogeneo di sindromi infettive ad ampia distribuzione, tropicale, subtropicale e mediterranea, causate da un protozoo appartenente al genere Leishmania.…”

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Leishmaniasis in rheumatoid arthritis

Pizzorni¹,

Secchi²,

Cutolo³

2011

Reumatismo

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si viscerale (1). La Leishmania è un protozoo intracellulare appartenente al phylum Sarcomastigophora, ordine Kinetoplastida, famiglia Trypasonamidae, genere Leishmania. Il genere comprende due sottogeneri, Leishmania (Leishmania), parassiti del Vecchio Mondo, e Leishmania (Viannia), parassiti del Nuovo Mondo. La Leishmaniosi è una zoonosi che occasionalmente viene trasmessa all'uomo attraverso la puntura di flebotomi vettori. Il serbatoio naturale più comune è il cane, ma in alcune regioni hanno importanza prevalente la volpe ed alcuni roditori. Nei nostri climi i flebotomi scompaiono ai primi freddi autunnali. In particolare, la Leishmaniosi viscerale è causata dalla Leishmania donovani nel subcontinente indiano e nell'Africa orientale dalla Leishmania infantum, entrambi parassiti responsabili di forme acute di malattia che risultano fatali, se non trattate tempestivamente (2, 3). In Italia sono presenti due tipi di Leishmaniosi, la EZIOLOGIA ED EPIDEMIOLOGIA I l termine Leishmaniosi indica un gruppo eterogeneo di sindromi infettive ad ampia distribuzione, tropicale, subtropicale e mediterranea, causate da un protozoo appartenente al genere Leishmania. La Leishmaniosi infatti, comprende forme cliniche ad interessamento esclusivamente cutaneo, forme muco-cutanee e forme con grave disseminazione viscerale, talvolta fatale. La popolazione globale a rischio d'infezione è di 350 milioni di individui, l'incidenza annuale è di 1,5-2 milioni di casi, di cui 1-1,5 milioni di casi di Leishmaniosi cutanea e 500.000 casi di LeishmanioReumatismo, 2007; 59(3):235-239 SUMMARY Leishmaniasis represents a complex of diseases with an important clinical and epidemiological diversity. Visceral leishmaniasis is of higher priority than cutaneous leishmaniasis as it is a fatal disease in the absence of treatment. The clinical spectrum of leishmaniasis and control of the infection are influenced by the parasite-host relationship. The role of cellular immune responses of the Th1 type in the protection against disease in experimental and human leishmaniasis is well established. TNF-α has been implicated in cytokine-induced macrophage activation and tissue granuloma formation, two activities linked to control of intracellular visceral infection caused by Leishmania donovani. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) strategies have had a marked and substantial impact in the treatment

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A neglected disease of humans: A new focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Bakool,Somalia

Cited by 27 publications

References 8 publications

A review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in South Sudan and the consequences for East African countries

A review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in South Sudan and the consequences for East African countries

Cross-Sectional Study to Assess Risk Factors for Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Region in Sri Lanka

Leishmaniasis in rheumatoid arthritis

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