A Nested Case-Control Study of Prostate Cancer and Atrazine Exposure

Hessel, Patrick A.; Kalmes, Renee; Smith, Thomas J.; Lau, Edmund; Mink, Pamela J.; Mandel, Jack S.

doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000121128.73921.a1

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Organophosphate insecticides used primarily in farming affect acetylcholine control in nerve stimulation, such as Phorate (sometimes in combination with family history, (Mahajan et al, 2006b) Fonfos (Mahajan et al, 2006a;Koutros et al, 2010b;Barry et al, 2011;, Coumaphos (Christensen et al, 2010) and fumigants, such as triazine herbicides (Mills and Yang, 2003), all were reported to contribute to a small increased risk of prostate cancer. Atrazine was also investigated by Hessel et al (2004) but no association was reported with prostate cancer. This was supported recently by Sathiakumar et al (2011), who indicated that there was no scientific basis for inferring the existence of a causal relationship between triazine exposure and the occurrence of cancer in humans.…”

Section: Budnik Et Al (2012) Germanymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on Occupation and Prostate Cancer

Doolan¹,

Benke²,

Giles³

2014

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Background: Our aim was to identify gaps and limitations in the current literature and to make recommendations for future research required to address these. Materials and Methods: We reviewed occupational exposures and related factors associated with the risk of prostate cancer between 2000 and 2012. These included chemical, ergonomic, physical or environmental, and psychosocial factors which have been reported by epidemiological studies across a range of industries. Results: The results are inconsistent from study to study and generally this is due to the reliance upon the retrospectivity of case-control studies and prevalence (ecological) studies. Exposure assessment bias is a recurring limitation of many of the studies in this review. Conclusions: We consider there is insufficient evidence to implicate prostate cancer risk for ergonomic, physical, environmental or psychosocial factors, but there is sufficient evidence to implicate toxic metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). More research is required to identify specific pesticides that may be associated with risk of prostate cancer.

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Section: Budnik Et Al (2012) Germanymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on Occupation and Prostate Cancer

Doolan¹,

Benke²,

Giles³

2014

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…In the United States, ATR is applied on crops such as corn, sugarcane, pineapples, macadamia nuts, and sorghum, as well as on highway and railroad rights-of-way and on evergreen trees (Environmental Protection Agency, 2003). Several epidemiological studies have investigated the link between ATR exposure and adverse human health outcomes (Hoppin et al, 2002;MacLennan et al, 2002;De Roos et al, 2003;Hessel et al, 2004). However, the human data at present are equivocal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several epidemiological studies have investigated the link between ATR exposure and adverse human health outcomes (Hoppin et al, 2002;MacLennan et al, 2002;De Roos et al, 2003;Hessel et al, 2004). However, the human data at present are equivocal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposition of the Herbicide 2-Chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (Atrazine) and Its Major Metabolites in Mice: A Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Urine, Plasma, and Tissue Levels

Ross¹,

Jones²,

Filipov³

2008

Drug Metab Dispos

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2-Chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine, ATR)is a toxicologically important and widely used herbicide. Recent studies have shown that it can elicit neurological, immunological, developmental, and biochemical alterations in several model organisms, including in mice. Because disposition data in mice are lacking, we evaluated ATR's metabolism and tissue dosimetry after single oral exposures (5-250 mg/kg) in C57BL/6 mice using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (Ross and Filipov, 2006). ATR was metabolized and cleared rapidly; didealkyl ATR (DACT) was the major metabolite detected in urine, plasma, and tissues. Plasma ATR peaked at 1 h postdosing and rapidly declined, whereas DACT peaked at 2 h and slowly declined. Most ATR and metabolite residues were excreted within the first 24 h. However, substantial amounts of DACT were still present in 25-to 48-h and 49-to 72-h urine. ATR reached maximal brain levels (0.06-1.5 M) at 4 h (5-125 mg/kg) and 1 h (250 mg/kg) after dosing, but levels quickly declined to <0.1 M by 12 h in all the groups. In contrast, strikingly high concentrations of DACT (1.5-50 M), which are comparable with liver DACT levels, were detectable in brain at 2 h. Brain DACT levels slowly declined, paralleling the kinetics of plasma DACT. Our findings suggest that in mice ATR is widely distributed and extensively metabolized and that DACT is a major metabolite detected in the brain at high levels and is ultimately excreted in urine. Our study provides a starting point for the establishment of models that link target tissue dose to biological effects caused by ATR and its in vivo metabolites.Atrazine (ATR) is a triazine herbicide that effectively inhibits photosynthesis in broadleaf weeds and grasses (Environmental Protection Agency, 2003). In the United States, ATR is applied on crops such as corn, sugarcane, pineapples, macadamia nuts, and sorghum, as well as on highway and railroad rights-of-way and on evergreen trees (Environmental Protection Agency, 2003). Several epidemiological studies have investigated the link between ATR exposure and adverse human health outcomes (Hoppin et al., 2002;MacLennan et al., 2002;De Roos et al., 2003;Hessel et al., 2004). However, the human data at present are equivocal. In some cases ATR exposure is associated with negative health outcomes, whereas in others it is not. One major drawback of virtually all the existing epidemiological studies is the fact that ATR exposure has not been precisely quantified or estimated. In this regard, exposure-only studies, i.e., studies where health outcomes have not been assessed, indicate that pesticide applicators and farmers during spraying are exposed to appreciable levels of ATR because detectable amounts of ATR and its metabolites are found in their saliva and urine (Hines et al., 2006). Moreover, a recent report indicated that not only ATR applicators but also their families are at risk of high level of ATR exposure (Curwin et al., 2007).Although data on health effects of ATR in humans ar...

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“…Pesticides in general, and herbicides in particular, have been implicated as suspect causes in some studies (Fleming et al 1999;Willems 2003, 2004) and not in others (Aronson et al 1996;Zeegers et al 2004;Boers et al 2005). In one investigation of an herbicide production facility, detection bias due to enhanced PSA screening was found to be the most plausible explanation for an increased occurrence of prostate cancer (MacLennan et al 2002;Hessel et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Epidemiological and clinical investigations among employees in a former herbicide production process

Nasterlack

Hoffmann

Messerer

et al. 2006

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Because of the limited study power, a link between former employment in this herbicide production process and the occurrence of cancer cannot be ruled out with confidence, although the observed incidence and distribution of cancers in this small cohort may be consistent with that expected in the general population. Detection of three prostate cancers via the examination program is also consistent with the experience of cancer screening programs that include PSA testing. Enhanced screening for prostate cancer among men over age 50 can lead to detection of cancers at earlier ages than would otherwise be the case. This likelihood needs to be planned for and addressed in communications with the study population prior to undertaking such initiatives.

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A Nested Case-Control Study of Prostate Cancer and Atrazine Exposure

Cited by 31 publications

References 8 publications

An Update on Occupation and Prostate Cancer

An Update on Occupation and Prostate Cancer

Disposition of the Herbicide 2-Chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (Atrazine) and Its Major Metabolites in Mice: A Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Urine, Plasma, and Tissue Levels

Epidemiological and clinical investigations among employees in a former herbicide production process

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