A Nested Case-Control Study of the Correlates of Early Menarche

Moisan, Jocelyne; Meyer, François; Gingras, Suzanne

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115738

Cited by 107 publications

(111 citation statements)

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“…A possible mechanism is that early maturing adolescents (girls) appear to have increased blood concentrations of estrogen hormone at an earlier age. 41 It has been found that a high circulating level of estrogen persists until the age of 25 years and leads to the accumulation of adipose tissues in the body 42 or that a longer period of positive energy balance in early maturers leads to increased obesity. 23 However, because our study indicated higher BMI related to pubertal maturity in both boys and girls, this may explain only a part of the association between puberty and adult obesity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early overweight and pubertal maturation—pathways of association with young adults’ overweight: a longitudinal study

et al. 2008

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Objective: Objectives of this study were to examine the prospective association of childhood body mass index (BMI) and overweight and pubertal stages with BMI and overweight in early adulthood independent of each other. Design: A population-based prospective birth cohort. Subjects: We used a population-based prospective birth cohort of 2897 (52% men) young adults who were born during 1981-1983 in Brisbane, Australia, and for whom we had puberty stages using Tanner scale at 14 years and measured BMI at 5 years of age. Main outcome measures: Pubertal stages at adolescent and BMI and its categories at 21 years. Results: We found that increasing BMI and overweight at 5 years of age predict the advanced stages of puberty. An advanced stage of puberty predicts young adults' BMI and overweight status at 21 years. When taking both childhood BMI and pubertal status into consideration, we found that being overweight at 5 years substantively increases BMI at 21 years, regardless of the stage of puberty reported at 14 years. We also found that subjects with normal BMI at 5 years but with higher stages of puberty at 14 years had threefolds greater risk to be overweight at 21 years compared with their counterparts. All associations remained consistent after controlling for potential confounders. Conclusions: Although this study underscores the impact of both child overweight and pubertal development on young adults' obesity, the mechanism that further explains the impact of puberty needs to be identified.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early overweight and pubertal maturation—pathways of association with young adults’ overweight: a longitudinal study

et al. 2008

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“…Of the factors known to affect menarcheal timing, genetics via maternal tempo is the most obvious; menarche is early in girls whose mothers had an early menarche (Moisan et al 1990). Yet as already discussed this factor does not explain the secular trend; the gene pool has not had sufficient time to respond.…”

Section: Menarcheal Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secular trends in growth

Cole¹

2000

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

461

389

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Since the 19th century there have been clearly documented secular trends to increasing adult height in most European countries, with current rates of 10–30 mm / decade. Over the same period menarcheal age has also fallen steeply, but has now stabilized at approximately 13 years and may be rising again. Height trends tend to be greater in childhood than in adulthood due to the associated advance in maturation, but no trends are apparent before the age of 2 years. In particular, birth-weight trends are small and different in shape from height trends. The adult height trend matches that at age 2 years, so that the increment in adult height has already been achieved by age 2 years. To try to identify factors relating to the secular trend, increased height gain in late infancy is hypothesized to be equivalent to a reduction in stunting, and stunting is thought to be caused by impaired growth in the long bones of the leg in later infancy. Leg growth may be regulated by the expression of growth-hormone receptors on the growth plates, which it is hypothesized are susceptible to the interaction between concurrent nutrition and the nominal growth rate set during pregnancy. The timing of menarche is also likely to be determined by some growth factor operating near the time of birth, which also affects later weight, but not height.

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“…Nutrition during infancy is directly associated with weight gain, which also has a dominant effect on the development of puberty. Although breast-feeding has been recommended to prevent early puberty, there are conflicting opinions regarding whether breast-feeding is related to a decrease in age of puberty onset (8)(9)(10)(11) . Recently, a study reported that an additional month of breast-feeding decreases the risk of earlier menarche (5) , but that study did not consider postnatal growth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The preventive effect of breast-feeding for longer than 6 months on early pubertal development among children aged 7–9 years in Korea

Lee

Kim

Lee

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: The present study was performed to investigate whether breast-feeding is associated with early pubertal development among children 7-9 years old in Korea. Design: Children were divided into those who did and did not receive breastfeeding for 6 months or longer in accordance with the recommendations of the WHO. Pubertal status was determined by clinical examination using Tanner staging. Setting: Prospective observational study. Subjects: We conducted a follow-up study of children aged 7-9 years in 2011 who had taken part in the Ewha Birth & Growth Cohort study. Results: Fifty (22·8 %) of the total of 219 children were in early puberty, with the proportion being slightly higher for girls (24·1 %) than boys (21·4 %). Children who had entered early puberty were taller, weighed more and had a higher concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1. Moreover, the change in weight Z-score from birth to follow-up was significantly lower in children who were breast-fed than in those who were not (weight Z-score change: 0·32 (SD 1·59) v. 0·77 (SD 1·61), respectively, P = 0·04). Comparison of breast-feeding by puberty status indicated a preventive association with early puberty in children who were breast-fed for 6 months or longer (OR = 0·37; 95 % CI 0·18, 0·74). This association remained significant after adjustment for relevant covariates.Conclusions: These results demonstrate a beneficial association between breastfeeding and early pubertal development, especially in those breast-fed for 6 months or longer. The study suggests that interventions would need to start early in life to prevent early pubertal development.

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A Nested Case-Control Study of the Correlates of Early Menarche

Cited by 107 publications

References 0 publications

Early overweight and pubertal maturation—pathways of association with young adults’ overweight: a longitudinal study

Early overweight and pubertal maturation—pathways of association with young adults’ overweight: a longitudinal study

Secular trends in growth

The preventive effect of breast-feeding for longer than 6 months on early pubertal development among children aged 7–9 years in Korea

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