“…But beyond chaining VNFs, Network Applications are meant to enable verticals to exploit 5G network capabilities exposed through common Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), which in turn, simplifies largescale deployment of their services. Thus, they act as "application enablement services", exposing northbound interfaces for facilitating access to telco network resources (Siokis et al, 2021;Iordache et al, 2022;Koumaras et al, 2022;Pateromichelakis et al, 2022). Thereby, they fabricate middleware towards "network-aware" vertical applications, i.e., they implement the necessary interfaces for chained, or coexecuted vertical applications, so that the latter can more easily consume methods exposed by the various elements of the 3GPP 5G architecture (e.g., 5GC, RAN, MEC).…”