A Neural Basis for General Intelligence

Duncan, John; Seitz, Rüdiger J.; Kolodny, Jonathan; Bor, Daniel; Herzog, Hans; Ahmed, Ayesha; Newell, Fiona N.; Emslie, Hazel

doi:10.1126/science.289.5478.457

Cited by 937 publications

(531 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The neural underpinnings of generalized intelligence, which has long been considered primarily, if not exclusively, a psychometric abstraction, have only recently begun to be elucidated. These data, with healthy subjects (Duncan et al, 2000;Gray, Chabris, & Braver, 2003) as well as from animal studies (Matzel et al, 2003), generally comport with the current CB correlates, with all pointing to the importance of lateral and medial prefrontal involvement in generalized intelligence. For patients with schizophrenia, functional neuroimaging studies have linked reduced activity of the anterior cingulate cortex to monitoring failures elicited by Stroop conflict stimuli (Carter et al, 2001).…”

supporting

confidence: 68%

Neuropsychological disturbance in schizophrenia: A diffusion tensor imaging study.

Nestor¹,

Kubicki²,

Niznikiewicz³

et al. 2008

Neuropsychology

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Patients with schizophrenia and healthy control subjects underwent both neuropsychological evaluation and magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging, during which the cingulum bundle (CB) and the uncinate fasciculus (UF) were defined with fiber tractography and their integrity was quantified. On the basis of prior findings, it was hypothesized that neuropsychological disturbance in schizophrenia may be characterized, in part, by 2 dissociable functional neuroanatomical relationships: (a) executive functioning-CB integrity and (b) episodic memory-UF integrity. In support of the hypothesis, hierarchical regression results indicated that reduced white matter of the CB and the UF differentially and specifically predicted deficits in executive functioning and memory, respectively. Neuropsychological correlates of the CB also extended to lower generalized intelligence, as well as to reduced visual memory that may be related to failures of contextual monitoring of to-be-remembered scenes. Reduced white matter of the CB and the UF may each make distinct contributions to neuropsychological disturbance in schizophrenia.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Paul G. Nestor, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125-3393. paul.nestor@umb.edu. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNeuropsychology. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 December 10. Published in final edited form as:Neuropsychology. & Kahn, 1999;Heinrichs, 2005;Heinrichs & Zakzanis, 1998;McKenna, 1991;O'Carroll, 2000;Saykin et al., 1994;Weinberger, Berman, & Zec, 1986). Although typically occurring against a backdrop of generalized cognitive impairment, disease-related deficits in episodic memory for events encoded in time and place can be dissociated from disruptions in executive functions that serve to guide action and thought (Nestor et al., 2004). These neuropsychological deficits may also each involve different pathophysiology, as twin studies have strongly implicated genetic factors in executive dysfunction, whereas nongenetic influences may preferentially impact memory disturbance (Cannon et al., 2000).As the "primary expression of the schizophrenic brain" (Heinrichs, 2005, p. 229), neuropsychological disturbances of memory and executive functions have increasingly been theorized to reflect sequelae not of focal brain abnormalities but of pathological connectivity among brain regions (Andreasen et al., 1999;McGlashan & Hoffman, 2000;Nestor et al., 1998Nestor et al., , 2004Stephan, Baldeweg, & Friston, 2006;Weinberger, Berman, Suddath, & Torrey, 1992;Winterer, Coppola, Egan, Goldberg, & Weinberger, 2003). Wernicke (1906) first ascribed a central role in the expression of schizophrenia to anatomical abnormalities of association fiber tracts traveling between frontal and temporal lobes. More recently, neuroimaging findings that showed abnormal functional connectivity in schizophrenia have echoed Wernicke's seminal, generative idea of disease-related disruption in the functional integration of ...

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supporting

confidence: 68%

Neuropsychological disturbance in schizophrenia: A diffusion tensor imaging study.

Nestor¹,

Kubicki²,

Niznikiewicz³

et al. 2008

Neuropsychology

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“…In the Talairach brain, the center coordinate (0, 0, 0) is the intersection of the VCA with the anterior/posterior commissural plane. Because the MNI brain differs in shape and size from the Talairach brain -specifically, "MNI brains are higher, deeper, and longer with increasing differences further from the center of the brain" (Brett et al, 2002) -any MNI coordinates not reported in Talairach space were converted using the transformation equations for above the AC line (z ≥ 0): x′ = 0.9900x, y′ = 0.9688y + 0.0460z, z′ = -0.0485y + 0.9189z (Duncan et al, 2000; http://www.mrccbu.cam.ac.uk/Imaging/Common/mnispace.shtml). For the SMC and LPMC regions, coordinates were stripped of laterality distinction.…”

Section: Inclusion Criteria For Articles and Coordinatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional locations and boundaries of motor and premotor cortices as defined by functional brain imaging: A meta-analysis

et al. 2006

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The mesial premotor cortex (pre-supplementary motor area and supplementary motor area proper), lateral premotor cortex (dorsal premotor cortex and ventral premotor cortex), and primary sensorimotor cortex (primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex) have been identified as key cortical areas for sensorimotor function. However, the three-dimensional (3-D) anatomic boundaries between these regions remain unclear. In order to clarify the locations and boundaries for these six sensorimotor regions, we surveyed 126 articles describing pre-supplementary motor area, supplementary motor area proper, dorsal premotor cortex, ventral premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, and primary somatosensory cortex. Using strict inclusion criteria, we recorded the reported normalized stereotaxic coordinates (Talairach and Tournoux or MNI) from each experiment. We then computed the probability distributions describing the likelihood of activation, and characterized the shape, extent, and area of each sensorimotor region in 3-D. Additionally, we evaluated the nature of the overlap between the six sensorimotor regions. Using the findings from this meta-analysis, along with suggestions and guidelines of previous researchers, we developed the Human Motor Area Template (HMAT) that can be used for ROI analysis.

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“…These studies all contrasted free choices with cued choices (In these studies, like in our current study, participants had to make a left or right response either freely or to external cues), as we did in our current study. Two of these studies reported coordinates in Talairach space, we converted these coordinates to MNI coordinates in MatLab using the tal2mni function (http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/MniTalairach; Duncan et al, 2000;Calder, Lawrence, & Young, 2001). Besides the RCZ we also looked at other brain regions that showed significant activation in whole brain analysis, and that are known to be part of the choice network.…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of unconscious priming on voluntary actions: Role of the rostral cingulate zone

et al. 2016

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The ability to make voluntary, free choices is fundamental to what it means to be human. A key brain region that is involved in free choices is the rostral cingulate zone (RCZ), which is part of the medial frontal cortex. Previous research has shown that activity in this brain region can be modulated by bottom-up information while making free choices. The current study extends those findings, and shows, for the first time, that activation in the RCZ can also be modulated by subliminal information. We used a subliminal response priming paradigm to bias free and cued choices. We observed more activation in the RCZ when participants made a choice that went against the prime's suggestion, compared to when they chose according to the prime. This shows that the RCZ plays an important role in overcoming externally-triggered conflict between different response options, even when the stimuli triggering this conflict are not consciously perceived. Our results suggest that an important mechanism of endogenous action in the RCZ may therefore involve exerting an internally-generated action choice against conflicting influences, such as external sensory evidence. We further found that subliminal information also modulated activity in the anterior insula and the supramarginal gyrus.

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A Neural Basis for General Intelligence

Cited by 937 publications

References 16 publications

Neuropsychological disturbance in schizophrenia: A diffusion tensor imaging study.

Neuropsychological disturbance in schizophrenia: A diffusion tensor imaging study.

Three-dimensional locations and boundaries of motor and premotor cortices as defined by functional brain imaging: A meta-analysis

Influences of unconscious priming on voluntary actions: Role of the rostral cingulate zone

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