A Neural System for Error Detection and Compensation

Gehring, William J.; Goss, Brian Michael; Coles, Michael; Meyer, David E.; Donchin, Emanuel

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00586.x

Cited by 2,570 publications

(2,563 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Three recent studies have provided brain-behavior relationships to support such a hypothesis Gehring et al, 1993;Kerns et al, 2004), indicating that strategic processes following an error, namely adapting response speeds on the trials immediately following an error, correlated with greater activity in the ACC region during the error trial. Implementation of the increased cognitive control was related to greater dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity (dPFC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Post-Error Behavior in Active Cocaine Users: Poor Awareness of Errors in the Presence of Intact Performance Adjustments

Hester

Simões‐Franklin

Garavan

2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

108

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Active cocaine abusers have a diminished neural response to errors, particularly in the anterior cingulate cortex thought critical to error processing. The inability to detect, or adjust performance following errors has been linked to clinical symptoms including the loss of insight and perseverative behavior. We investigated the cognitive implications of this diminished error-related activity, using response inhibition tasks that required error awareness and performance adaptation. Twenty-one active cocaine users (six female subjects, mean age ¼ 40.3) and 22 non-drug using adults (six female subjects, mean ¼ 39.9) participated. The results indicated that cocaine users consistently demonstrated poorer inhibitory control, a deficit accompanied by reduced awareness of errors. Adaptation of post-error reaction times did not differ between groups, although a different measure of adaptive behavior: exerting inhibitory control on the trial immediately after failing to inhibit, was significantly poorer in the cocaine using sample. In summary, cocaine users demonstrated a diminished capacity for monitoring their behavior, but were able to perform post-error adjustment to processes not already suffering an underlying deficit. These difficulties are consistent with previous reports of cocaine-related hypoactivity in the neural system underlying cognitive control, and highlight the potential for cognitive dysfunction to manifest as behavioral deficits that likely contribute to the maintenance of drug dependence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Post-Error Behavior in Active Cocaine Users: Poor Awareness of Errors in the Presence of Intact Performance Adjustments

Hester

Simões‐Franklin

Garavan

2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

108

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“…Gehring et al, 1993;Hewig, Coles, Trippe, Hecht, & Miltner, 2011;Scheffers & Coles, 2000;Shalgi & Deouell, 2012). However, many other studies show no relationship between ERN and error awareness (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontal theta band oscillations predict error correction and posterror slowing in typing.

Kalfaoğlu

Stafford

Milne

2018

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Performance errors are associated with robust behavioural and EEG effects. However, there is a debate about the nature of the relationship between these effects and implicit vs. explicit error awareness. Our aim was to study the relationship between error related electrophysiological effects, such as spectral perturbations in fronto-medial theta band oscillations (FMT), and error awareness in typing. Typing has an advantage as an experimental paradigm in that detected errors are quickly and habitually signalled by the participant using backspace, allowing separation of detected from undetected errors without interruption in behaviour. Typing is thought to be controlled hierarchically via inner and outer loops, which rely on different sources for error detection. Touch-typist participants were asked to copy-type 100 sentences as EEG was recorded in the absence of visual feedback. Continuous EEG data were analysed using independent component analysis (ICA). Time-frequency and ERP analyses were applied to emergent independent components. The results show that single-trial FMT parameters and Error Related Negativity (ERN) amplitude predict overt, adaptive post-error actions such as error correction via backspace; and, post-error slowing after errors, reflecting implicit error awareness. In addition, we found that those uncorrected errors which were slowed down the most were also the ones associated with a high level of FMT activity. Our results as a whole show that FMT are related to neural mechanism involved in explicit awareness of errors, and input from inner loop is sufficient for error correction in typing. Public SignificanceWe investigated the patterns of brain activity which precede errors and error-correction during skilled typing. This is interesting because it tests how theories of action and error-monitoring apply in a domain where actions are made extremely rapidly (up to ten keys per second). Electroencephalography (EEG) allows us to identify signature changes which have previously been associated with error-related processes in the brain. We showed that two of these signature patterns, the "error related negativity" (ERN) and "fronto-medial theta band oscillations" (FMT), both predict whether a typist is likely to notice and correct an error they make, as well as predicting how much typing slows down after an uncorrected error. The results support the idea -which has been contested -that the ERN reflects our explicit recognition that we have made a mistake.

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“…They found a modulation of auditory N1 amplitude, possibly reflecting auditory attention: increased amplitude following the positive shifts but reduced amplitude after the negative shifts. Interestingly, the error-related negativity (ERN; Gehring et al, 1990;Gehring et al, 1993) in averaged ERPs occurred around 200 ms after a positive shift, with a current source located in the medial prefrontal cortex, but no ERN was identified after a negative shift. The ERN is an ERP component that appears after the 6 execution of errors (Gehring et al, 1990;Gehring et al, 1993) and has been suggested to be associated with N2 (Praamstra et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, the error-related negativity (ERN; Gehring et al, 1990;Gehring et al, 1993) in averaged ERPs occurred around 200 ms after a positive shift, with a current source located in the medial prefrontal cortex, but no ERN was identified after a negative shift. The ERN is an ERP component that appears after the 6 execution of errors (Gehring et al, 1990;Gehring et al, 1993) and has been suggested to be associated with N2 (Praamstra et al, 2003). Determining whether or not these ERP components reflect the error correction mechanism itself or are associated with post-error processing (i.e., conscious awareness of errors) requires further investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contingent negative variation (CNV) associated with sensorimotor timing error correction

et al. 2016

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Introduction: Detection and subsequent correction of sensorimotor timing errors is fundamental to adaptive behavior. Using scalp-recorded event-related potentials (ERPs), we sought to find ERP components that are predictive of error correction performance during rhythmic movements.Method: Healthy right-handed participants were asked to synchronize their finger taps to a regular tone sequence (every 600 ms), whilst EEG data were continuously recorded. Data from 15 participants were analyzed. Occasional irregularities were built into stimulus presentation timing: 90 ms before (advances: negative shift) or after (delays: positive shift) the expected time point. A tapping condition alternated with a listening condition in which identical stimulus sequence was presented but participants did not tap.Results: Behavioral error correction was observed immediately following a shift, with a degree of over-correction with positive shifts. Our stimulus-locked ERP data analysis revealed, 1) increased auditory N1 amplitude for the positive shift condition and decreased auditory N1 modulation for the negative shift condition; and 2) a second enhanced negativity (N2) in the tapping positive condition, compared with the tapping negative condition. In response-locked epochs, we observed a CNV (contingent negative variation)-like negativity with earlier latency in the tapping negative condition compared with the tapping positive condition. This CNV-like negativity peaked at around the onset of subsequent tapping, with the earlier the peak, the better the error correction performance with the negative shifts while the later the peak, the better the error correction performance with the positive shifts.Discussion: This study showed that the CNV-like negativity was associated with the error correction performance during our sensorimotor synchronization study. Auditory N1 and N2 were differentially involved in negative vs. positive error correction. However, we did not find 3 evidence for their involvement in behavioral error correction. Overall, our study provides the basis from which further research on the role of the CNV in perceptual and motor timing can be developed.

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A Neural System for Error Detection and Compensation

Cited by 2,570 publications

References 23 publications

Post-Error Behavior in Active Cocaine Users: Poor Awareness of Errors in the Presence of Intact Performance Adjustments

Post-Error Behavior in Active Cocaine Users: Poor Awareness of Errors in the Presence of Intact Performance Adjustments

Frontal theta band oscillations predict error correction and posterror slowing in typing.

Contingent negative variation (CNV) associated with sensorimotor timing error correction

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