A neurobiology of learning beyond the declarative non-declarative distinction

Ortu, Daniele; Vaidya, Manish

doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00161

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In memory research, since episodes are typically characterized as unique configurations of stimuli, episodic memory can be considered one-trial learning of stimulus-stimulus relations (e.g., Ortu & Vaidya 2013). As mentioned earlier, the hippocampus is critically involved in selection of stimulus-stimulus relations and receives concurrent neuromodulation by multiple neurotransmitter systems, including noradrenaline.…”

Section: Daniele Ortumentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science

et al. 2014

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Since Freud, clinicians have understood that disturbing memories contribute to psychopathology and that new emotional experiences contribute to therapeutic change. Yet, controversy remains about what is truly essential to bring about psychotherapeutic change. Mounting evidence from empirical studies suggests that emotional arousal is a key ingredient in therapeutic change in many modalities. In addition, memory seems to play an important role but there is a lack of consensus on the role of understanding what happened in the past in bringing about therapeutic change. The core idea of this paper is that therapeutic change in a variety of modalities, including behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, emotion-focused therapy, and psychodynamic psychotherapy, results from the updating of prior emotional memories through a process of reconsolidation that incorporates new emotional experiences. We present an integrated memory model with three interactive components -autobiographical (event) memories, semantic structures, and emotional responses -supported by emerging evidence from cognitive neuroscience on implicit and explicit emotion, implicit and explicit memory, emotion-memory interactions, memory reconsolidation, and the relationship between autobiographical and semantic memory. We propose that the essential ingredients of therapeutic change include: (1) reactivating old memories; (2) engaging in new emotional experiences that are incorporated into these reactivated memories via the process of reconsolidation; and (3) reinforcing the integrated memory structure by practicing a new way of behaving and experiencing the world in a variety of contexts. The implications of this new, neurobiologically grounded synthesis for research, clinical practice, and teaching are discussed.

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Section: Daniele Ortumentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science

et al. 2014

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“…Sidman et al (1968) related their DMTS findings with Molaison to those of Milner (1962, as cited by Sidman et al, 1968) with a mirror‐tracing task in which the participant had to draw a line with a pencil between the borders of a reflection of a star without crossing its borders (Corkin, 2013; Kandel, 2018; Ortu & Vaidya, 2013; Squire, 2009). With enough training, Molaison learned both procedures.…”

Section: Sidman's Experiments With Molaison As the Participantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Murray Sidman and Patient H. M.: The role of behavior analysis in the emergence of collaborative modern neuroscience

Elcoro

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2020

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The intersection of the lives of 2 essential individuals in science, behavior analyst Murray Sidman (1923‐2019), and Henry G. Molaison also known as Patient H.M. (1926‐2008), warrants examination as it highlights the role of behavior analysis and other disciplines in the emergence of modern neuroscience and a collaborative approach to science. This paper describes the historical context and content of two publications by Sidman in which Molaison served as a research participant. The goal of the present paper is to emphasize this little‐known facet of Sidman's rich career and to highlight the pioneering role of behavior analysis, and particularly the work of Murray Sidman, in the emergence of collaborative modern neuroscience.

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“…One-trial encoding, relation formation, and long-term representation of relations in a flexible format are the defining properties of episodic memory (Cohen and Eichenbaum, 1993 ; O'Reilly and Rudy, 2001 ; Henke, 2010 ). Because memories formed from subliminal stimuli lived up to this computational definition (Reber et al, 2012 ; Duss et al, 2014 ; Ruch et al, 2016 ) it must be assumed that episodic memory formation may proceed with and without conscious awareness (Henke, 2010 ; Dew and Cabeza, 2011 ; Hannula and Greene, 2012 ; Olsen et al, 2012 ; Ortu and Vaidya, 2013 ). Such a notion is all the more surprising as the formation and retrieval of episodic memory, mediated by the hippocampus, was long thought to depend on conscious awareness (e.g., Moscovitch, 1995 ; Squire and Zola, 1996 ; Tulving, 2002 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This view was inspired by the finding that hippocampal lesions impaired declarative (conscious) memory for facts and episodes but spared non-declarative (non-conscious) forms of memory such as motor skill learning, priming, and conditioning (Squire and Zola, 1996 ). Studies using implicit or indirect tests to examine non-conscious forms of episodic memory (e.g., Rose et al, 2002 ; Henke et al, 2003 ; Greene et al, 2007 ; Hannula and Ranganath, 2009 ; Duss et al, 2014 ; Ryals et al, 2015 ; Rosenthal et al, 2016 ) revealed, however, that the function of the hippocampus does not depend on consciousness but on the type of processing involved at learning: the hippocampus mediates the rapid relational encoding and storage of both consciously and unconsciously apprehended information (for reviews see Henke, 2010 ; Dew and Cabeza, 2011 ; Hannula and Greene, 2012 ; Olsen et al, 2012 ; Ortu and Vaidya, 2013 ). Both conscious and unconscious relational memories were stored for long-term (Ruch et al, 2016 ) within the hippocampal memory space (Züst et al, 2015 ) with overlapping conscious and unconscious relational memories interacting with each other (Henke et al, 2013 ; Züst et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subliminally and Supraliminally Acquired Long-Term Memories Jointly Bias Delayed Decisions

2017

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Common wisdom and scientific evidence suggest that good decisions require conscious deliberation. But growing evidence demonstrates that not only conscious but also unconscious thoughts influence decision-making. Here, we hypothesize that both consciously and unconsciously acquired memories guide decisions. Our experiment measured the influence of subliminally and supraliminally presented information on delayed (30–40 min) decision-making. Participants were presented with subliminal pairs of faces and written occupations for unconscious encoding. Following a delay of 20 min, participants consciously (re-)encoded the same faces now presented supraliminally along with either the same written occupations, occupations congruous to the subliminally presented occupations (same wage-category), or incongruous occupations (opposite wage-category). To measure decision-making, participants viewed the same faces again (with occupations absent) and decided on the putative income of each person: low, low-average, high-average, or high. Participants were encouraged to decide spontaneously and intuitively. Hence, the decision task was an implicit or indirect test of relational memory. If conscious thought alone guided decisions (= H0), supraliminal information should determine decision outcomes independently of the encoded subliminal information. This was, however, not the case. Instead, both unconsciously and consciously encoded memories influenced decisions: identical unconscious and conscious memories exerted the strongest bias on income decisions, while both incongruous and congruous (i.e., non-identical) subliminally and supraliminally formed memories canceled each other out leaving no bias on decisions. Importantly, the increased decision bias following the formation of identical unconscious and conscious memories and the reduced decision bias following to the formation of non-identical memories were determined relative to a control condition, where conscious memory formation alone could influence decisions. In view of the much weaker representational strength of subliminally vs. supraliminally formed memories, their long-lasting impact on decision-making is noteworthy.

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A neurobiology of learning beyond the declarative non-declarative distinction

Cited by 8 publications

References 37 publications

Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science

Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science

Murray Sidman and Patient H. M.: The role of behavior analysis in the emergence of collaborative modern neuroscience

Subliminally and Supraliminally Acquired Long-Term Memories Jointly Bias Delayed Decisions

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