A neutral mannan from Ceratocystis fagacearum culture filtrate

McWain, P.; Gregory, Garold F.

doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)88549-0

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Since our results suggest that compounds of high molecular weight can act as toxins by interfering with the flow of water through the vascular system of the elm, we would predict that if the pathogen is capable of producing even small amounts of such molecules in the tree, they would contribute to the observed wilting symptom. The production of high molecular weight compounds by pathogens causing wilt diseases in other species is quite common (6,12,17,22,26). In some cases the virulence of the pathogen has been associated with the production of these compounds (1,5,24).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of a Ceratocystis ulmi Toxin on Water Relations of Elm (Ulmus americana)

Alfen

Turner²

1975

Plant Physiol.

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branes (23), interference with stomatal regulation of transpiration (31), and reduction of flow through the stem by either vascular plugging (4) or an increase in the viscosity of the xylem sap (5).The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of the glycopeptide toxin, isolated from C. ullni cultures, on the water balance and stem conductance of elm seedlings in order to elucidate the possible mode of action of the toxin in elm. We also tested whether dextrans similar in molecular weights to the toxin can mimic its action. MATERIALS AND METHODSCeratocystis ulmi (Buisman) C. Moreau, freshly isolated from infected Ulmus americana L. trees, was used in all experiments. Cultures were grown in liter amounts of medium (18) in Fernbach flasks at 23 C on a rotary shaker at 110 rpm. Cultures, harvested after 2 to 4 weeks, were filtered through Whatman No. 42 paper, then through a 0.45-,um Millipore filter and concentrated approximately 20-fold under vacuum at 40 C. One volume 95% (v/v) ethanol was added and the precipitate was discarded. The ethanol was then removed and the filtrate was concentrated another 2-fold using vacuum evaporation at 40 C. The concentrated filtrate was dialyzed against distilled water at 4 C for 24 hr with 2 changes of H20. To prevent microbial growth, 0.5% (v/v) chloroform was added to the H,O. The dialysate was discarded and 5 volumes of 95% (v/v) ethanol were added to the dialyzed solution. It was then placed in a freezer for at least 24 hr. The precipitate, i.e., the crude toxin, was collected by centrifugation at 10,000g for 10 min. The yield of crude toxin was approximately 100 mg liter-'. These methods were similar to those of Salemink et al. (18)

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of a Ceratocystis ulmi Toxin on Water Relations of Elm (Ulmus americana)

Alfen

Turner²

1975

Plant Physiol.

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“…A number of phytopathogenic fungi produced EPSs toxic to plants. These fungi are Cephalosporium [ 64 ], Ceratocystis fagacearum [ 65 ], Ophiostoma ulmi [ 66 ], Fusarium solani [ 67 ], and several species of Phytophthora , including P. cinnamomi , P. megasperma var. sojae and P. palmivora , pathogens of forest, ornamental and agrarian plants such as oak, juniper and soybean [ 67 ].…”

Section: Esca a Complex Of Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytotoxins Produced by Fungi Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases

Andolfi

Mugnai

Luque

et al. 2011

Toxins

157

180

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Up to 60 species of fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae family, genera Cadophora, Cryptovalsa, Cylindrocarpon, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Eutypa, Eutypella, Fomitiporella, Fomitiporia, Inocutis, Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella have been isolated from decline-affected grapevines all around the World. The main grapevine trunk diseases of mature vines are Eutypa dieback, the esca complex and cankers caused by the Botryospheriaceae, while in young vines the main diseases are Petri and black foot diseases. To understand the mechanism of these decline-associated diseases and the symptoms associated with them, the toxins produced by the pathogens involved in these diseases were isolated and characterised chemically and biologically. So far the toxins of only a small number of these decline fungi have been studied. This paper presents an overview of the toxins produced by the most serious of these vine wood pathogens: Eutypa lata, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and some taxa in the Botryosphaeriaceae family, and examines how these toxins produce decline symptoms. The chemical structure of these metabolites and in some cases their vivotoxin nature are also discussed.

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“…These macromolecules appear to interfer with water movement in plant due to mechanical plugging of the vessels which leads to wilt symptoms development. The phenomenon appears to be related to molecule size and viscosity rather than to their structure (Harborne, 1983, p 743-82), though some results on their apparent host specifi city (Rudolph et al 1989, p 177-218) and on viscosity interference (McWain and Gregory, 1972) would suggest a possible different behaviour in at least in some cases.…”

Section: Exo-and Lipo-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive and Structural Metabolites of Pseudomonas and Burkholderia Species Causal Agents of Cultivated Mushrooms Diseases

Andolfi

Cimmino

Cantore

et al. 2008

Perspect Medicin Chem

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Pseudomonas tolaasii, P. reactans and Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola, are responsible of diseases on some species of cultivated mushrooms. The main bioactive metabolites produced by both Pseudomonas strains are the lipodepsipeptides (LDPs) tolaasin I and II and the so called White Line Inducing Principle (WLIP), respectively, LDPs which have been extensively studied for their role in the disease process and for their biological properties. In particular, their antimicrobial activity and the alteration of biological and model membranes (red blood cell and liposomes) was established. In the case of tolaasin I interaction with membranes was also related to the tridimensional structure in solution as determined by NMR combined with molecular dynamic calculation techniques. Recently, five news minor tolaasins, tolaasins A–E, were isolated from the culture filtrates of P. tolaasii and their chemical structure was determined by extensive use of NMR and MS spectroscopy. Furthermore, their antimicrobial activity was evaluated on target micro-organisms (fungi—including the cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Lentinus edodes, and Pleurotus spp.—chromista, yeast and bacteria). The Gram positive bacteria resulted the most sensible and a significant structure-activity relationships was apparent. The isolation and structure determination of bioactive metabolites produced by B. gladioli pv. agaricicola are still in progress but preliminary results indicate their peptide nature. Furthermore, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) from the culture filtrates of B. gladioli pv. agaricicola, as well as the O-chain and lipid A, from the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the three bacteria, were isolated and the structures determined.

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A neutral mannan from Ceratocystis fagacearum culture filtrate

Cited by 17 publications

References 12 publications

Influence of a Ceratocystis ulmi Toxin on Water Relations of Elm (Ulmus americana)

Influence of a Ceratocystis ulmi Toxin on Water Relations of Elm (Ulmus americana)

Phytotoxins Produced by Fungi Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases

Bioactive and Structural Metabolites of Pseudomonas and Burkholderia Species Causal Agents of Cultivated Mushrooms Diseases

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