“…This latter characteristic is an advantage when evaluating the control experimentally. Generally, in the literature, adaptive, robust or sliding mode controllers of wheeled mobile robots are proved only by simulations (Barzamini et al, 2006;Do et al, 2004;Fierro & Lewis, 1997;Park, Yoo, Park, & Choi, 2009;Zhang, Hong, Chung, & Velinsky, 1998;Zhu, Dong, Hu, & Cai, 2006). The main difficulty is that they use wheel torques as control signals, which cannot be directly manipulated in most of the real vehicles.…”