A New Amazonian Species of Adenomera (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Brazilian State of Pará: A Tody-Tyrant Voice in a Frog

Abstract

Leptodactylid frogs are phenotypically diverse, widely distributed across the Neotropics, and are known to harbor high levels of cryptic species diversity. This is especially true in Adenomera, where several candidate species have been recognized in a genetics-based study. Here we describe a new Amazonian species of Adenomera, which corresponds to one of the lineages previously identified as a candidate species ("sp. F"). Adenomera phonotriccus, n. sp., differs from all 18 rec¬ ognized congeners by its unique advertisement call. Moreover, this species can be distinguished from nearly all congeners (except A. cotuba and A. lutzi) in having antebrachial tubercles on the undersides of its forearms. The distribution of A. phonotriccus seems to be restricted to the Araguaia-Xingu interfluve, in the eastern portion of the Brazilian state of Para. Additional sampling effort on the right margin of the Araguaia River and along the Xingu River drainage should clarify the distribution of A. phonotriccus and perhaps result in the discovery of additional undescribed species of Adenomera in a region with high biological diversity.

New acoustic and molecular data shed light on the poorly known Amazonian frog Adenomera simonstuarti (Leptodactylidae): implications for distribution and conservation

“…from Camisea as nonpulsed and given as single notes, with the dominant frequency at the fundamental harmonic, and with negligible frequency modulation. These acoustic traits distinguish this taxon from the sympatric A. simonstuarti and all other Amazonian species of Adenomera (for acoustic comparisons in Adenomera, see Carvalho et al 2019bCarvalho et al , 2019cCarvalho et al , 2019d. We also examined the recorded male of Adenomera sp.…”

“…The only other described species of Adenomera with multi-note call is the allopatric A. cotuba Carvalho & Giaretta, 2013, distributed in the Cerrado savannas and dry forests of north central Brazil (Carvalho & Giaretta 2013b). Additionally, the following morphological and color features, when combined with acoustic data, can help distinguish nominal A. simonstuarti from the seven Amazonian congeners [A. andreae, A. chicomendesi, A. coca (Angulo & Reichle, 2008), A. heyeri, A. hylaedactyla, A. lutzi and A. phonotriccus; see Boistel et al 2006;Kok et al 2007;Angulo & Reichle 2008;Carvalho et al 2019bCarvalho et al , 2019cCarvalho et al , 2019d: (1) a nearly solid, dark-colored stripe along the underside of the forearm;…”

“…A phylogenetic study of the genus based on a comprehensive geographic sampling revealed many putative new species, reported as candidate species (Fouquet et al 2014). Some of these nominal and candidate species of Adenomera exhibit marked genetic divergence among populations and some of them are also known to have distinct call patterns, suggesting extensive cryptic diversity within the genus (Fouquet et al 2014;Carvalho et al 2019cCarvalho et al , 2019d. Fouquet et al (2014) classified the species diversity of Adenomera into eight major clades, one of them being the Amazonian endemic A. andreae clade.…”

One step beyond a broad molecular phylogenetic analysis: Species delimitation of Adenomera marmorata Steindachner, 1867 (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

“…coca, A. cotuba, A. diptyx, A. hylaedactyla, A. juikitam, A. kweti, A. martinezi, A. phonotriccus, A. saci, and A. thomei [8-10, 14, 15, 61]). Adenomera marmorata differs from A. lutzi and A. phonotriccus by the absence of black blotches on a yellow, orange, or red background on the posterior surface of the thigh and inguinal region (present in A. lutzi) and absence of antebrachial tubercle (present in A. lutzi and A. phonotriccus) [61,62]; from A. simonstuarti by the absence of a nearly solid dark-colored stripe along the underside of forearm (present in A. simonstuarti) [9]; from A. martinezi and A. saci by the absence of 4 to 6 symmetrically arranged rows of longitudinal dark-colored spots on dorsum (rows present in A. martinezi and A. saci) [10]; from A. araucaria and A. nana by the presence of dark blotches on the side of the body (dark blotches absent or only small dark spots present in A. araucaria and A. nana).…”

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“…As in the rest of the Amazonia, Pará represents an area where the number of amphibian species described recently is high Peloso et al, 2018;Pinheiro et al, 2018;Rojas-Zamora et al, 2018;Carvalho et al, 2019;Kaefer et al, 2019;Moraes et al, 2019;Simões et al, 2019;Carvalho et al, 2020;Oliveira et al, 2020) and current genetic studies indicate a great diversity of species not yet described occurring in the State (Fouquet et al, 2016;Peloso et al, 2018;Carvalho et al, 2020;Jaramillo-Martinez et al, 2020;Vacher et al, 2020;Fouquet et al, 2021b). However, the number of amphibian species in Pará has never been estimated based on a detailed review of biological collection data.…”