“…Liveness detection is one of the efficient countermeasures of anti-spoofing. Several liveness measures: temperature, odor, impedance and electrical conductivity of the skin, laser detection of 3-D finger surface and pulse, spectroscopy, skin perspiration, pulse oximetry, blood pulsation, E.C.G, skin elasticity, etc are proposed in the literature [4], [11], [12]. In wavelet-based liveness detection [13], surface coarseness is treated as a kind of Gaussian white noise added to the images.…”