“…Several statistical, time-domain and frequency-domain techniques have been investigated [5,6,7]. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) [8,9], empirical mode decomposition (EMD) [10], variational mode decomposition (VMD) [6,11], combination of singular value decomposition (SVD) and compressed sensing [12], non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) with adaptive contour representation computation (ACRC) from corresponding spectrogram [7] are some of the best performing approaches reported so far. Nevertheless, these techniques are often computationally intensive, time-consuming, and highly dependent on the data, predefined basis functions, the number of decomposition levels, thresholding parameters, and types [5,9].…”