A new class of Sol–gel derived LiM1xM2yMn2−x−yO3.8F0.2 (M1 = Cr, M2 = V; x = y = 0.2) cathodes for lithium batteries

Abstract

A new class of Sol-gel derived LiM 1x M 2y Mn 22x2y O 3.8 F 0.2 (M 1 5 Cr, M 2 5 V; x 5 y 5 0.2) cathodes for lithium batteries Abstract A series of LiM 1x M 2y Mn 2-x-y O 3.8 F 0.2 (M 1 = Cr, M 2 = V; x = y = 0.2) cathodes, viz., LiMn 2 O 3.8 F 0.2 , LiCr 0.2 Mn 1.8 O 3.8 F 0.2 and LiCr 0.2 V 0.2 Mn 1.6 O 3.8 F 0.2 along with native LiMn 2 O 4 have been synthesized by Citric Acid assisted Modified (CAM) sol-gel method, with a view to understand the effect of synthesis methodology and the effect of dual category dopants, viz., anion and/or cation upon spinel cathodes individually. An acceptable capacity retention (94%) observed up to 50 cycles for native LiMn 2 O 4 cathodes is attributed to the significance of CAM sol-gel method. Similarly, the encouraging charge-discharge results of LiMn 2 O 3.8 F 0.2 (130 mAh g -1 ) and LiCr 0.2 Mn 1.8 O 3.8 F 0.2 (142 mAh g -1 ) cathodes revealed a possible augmentation in the reversible capacity behavior of the spinels upon Fsubstitution at 32e site and the simultaneous substitution of Cr 3? and F -at 16d and 32e sites respectively.

Preparation and Doping Mode of Doped LiMn2O4 for Li-Ion Batteries

“…For instance, the nonmetals B [10][11][12], F [13][14][15], S [16], Br [17], the general metals Mg [18], Al [19], Ti [20,21], Cr [22,23], Fe [24], Co [19,[25][26][27], Ni [28], Cu [29], Zn [30][31][32], Ga [33], Zr [34], Ru [35], Ag [36,37], Sn [38], Au [39], the rare-earth metals La [40], Ce [41], Pr [42], Nd [43], Sm [44], Gd [45], and the actinide dopants Th [46], U [47]. Some researchers have also modified LiMn 2 O 4 with surface coating [48][49][50][51][52] electrolyte modification [53], laser annealing [54], pulsed laser deposition [55], process optimization …”