“…In stark contrast to the plethora of studies investigating the accuracy of alignment-based tree reconstruction, surprisingly little is known about the accuracy of alignment-free methods, due to an almost complete absence of systematic and comprehensive large-scale studies from this field. In the context of phylogenetics, studies that introduce a new method have usually characterized its accuracy by comparing at most a handful reconstructed trees to "standard" trees derived from alignments, focusing on the clustering of subgroups and the placement of taxa instead of emphasizing numerical results (even though studies may otherwise be large-scale: Li et al, 2001;Otu and Sayood, 2003;Stuart et al, 2002aStuart et al, , 2002bBerry, 2003,2004;Qi et al, 2004;Chu et al, 2004;Hao and Qi, 2004;Yu and Anh, 2004;Yang et al, 2005;Mantaci et al, 2005). This makes it difficult to extract useful generalizations from this literature, especially considering that data sets vary from paper to paper.…”