A new contrast sensitivity test for young children?The Cardiff contrast test

Barbareza, Rahim; Woodhouse, Margaret; Oduwaiye, K A

doi:10.1016/s0275-5408(97)80752-1

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Visual Acuity Test (CAT) 12 and Cardiff Contrast Test (CCT) 13 when the children were between and 30 months of age to determine whether there were cognitive, motor, language, behaviour and/or vision deficits associated with ZIKV exposure, after accounting for confounding variables such as neonatal complications, household income, parental education and food security.…”

Section: Global Child Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CCT 13 was used to assess contrast sensitivity, which is the ability to visually detect large but faint objects. Administration is similar to the CAT with vanishing optotypes that progressively decrease in light/dark contrast.…”

Section: Visual Contrast Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Normative estimates for toddlers range from 33.33 to 100, with higher scores indicating better contrast sensitivity. 13…”

Section: Visual Contrast Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurodevelopment in normocephalic children with and without prenatal Zika virus exposure

et al. 2021

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ObjectiveZika virus (ZIKV) targets neural stem cells in the developing brain. However, the majority of ZIKV-exposed children are born without apparent neurological manifestations. It remains unclear if these children were protected from ZIKV neurotropism or if they harbour subtle pathology that is disruptive to brain development. We assess this by comparing neurodevelopmental outcomes in normocephalic ZIKV-exposed children relative to a parallel control group of unexposed controls.DesignCohort study.SettingPublic health centres in Grenada, West Indies.Patients384 mother–child pairs were enrolled during a period of active ZIKV transmission (April 2016–March 2017) and prospectively followed up to 30 months. Child exposure status was based on laboratory assessment of prenatal and postnatal maternal serum.Main outcome measuresThe INTERGROWTH-21st Neurodevelopment Assessment (INTER-NDA) package and Cardiff Vision Tests, administered and scored by research staff masked to child’s exposure status.ResultsA total of 131 normocephalic ZIKV exposed (n=68) and unexposed (n=63) children were assessed between 22 and 30 months of age. Approximately half of these children completed vision testing. There were no group differences in sociodemographics. Deficits in visual acuity (31%) and contrast sensitivity (23%) were apparent in the ZIKV-exposed infants in the absence of cognitive, motor, language or behavioural delays.ConclusionsOverall neurodevelopment is likely to be unaffected in ZIKV-exposed children with normal head circumference at birth and normal head growth in the first 2 years of life. However, the visual system may be selectively vulnerable, which indicates the need for vision testing by 3 years of age.

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Section: Global Child Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Visual Contrast Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurodevelopment in normocephalic children with and without prenatal Zika virus exposure

et al. 2021

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A New Contrast Sensitivity Test for Pediatric Patients: Feasibility and Inter-Examiner Reliability in Ocular Disorders and Cerebral Visual Impairment

Mayer

Taylor

Kran

2020

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Assess feasibility and interexaminer reliability of a new test of contrast sensitivity (CS) for pediatric populations. Methods: The Double Happy (DH) measures CS using a method similar to the Teller Acuity Cards. The schematic DH face is 16 degrees in diameter with features of 0.3 c/d and a channel frequency of 0.8 c/d. DH log 10 CS is in 0.15 log unit steps, 0.05 to 2.1. Participants were 43 unselected patients, ages 2 to 18 years: 23 were diagnosed with ocular disorders only; 20 were diagnosed with cerebral visual impairment (CVI). Two examiners measured DH log 10 CS. Visual acuity (VA) was also measured. Results: All 43 participants were tested for binocular DH log 10 CS. Cohen's kappa values for interexaminer reliability were fair. The between examiner ICC was +0.92 (P < 0.001). The mean difference between examiners was near zero, and the 95% CI was −0.44 to 0.45 log 10 CS. DH log 10 CS was near normal in the ocular disorder group and reduced in the CVI group. VA was reduced in both groups. DH log 10 CS and VA were correlated (r = −0.65). DH log 10 CS was a marginally better predictor of diagnosis than VA. Conclusions: DH log 10 CS test was successful in a diverse pediatric population diagnosed with ocular disorders or CVI. Interexaminer reliability was comparable to that of adults tested previously using the same stimuli and methods. Both CS and VA are reduced in CVI. Translational Relevance: CS and VA both should be tested in pediatric clinical populations, especially in those at risk of CVI. Recent studies report that functional visual abilities and vision-related quality of life (QoL) are reduced in children with congenital ocular disorders. 6,7 An extensive study of diverse pediatric vision disorders found impaired functional vision and eye-related QoL in children with moderate-severe visual impairment defined by their visual acuity deficit. 8 A study of adolescents with low vision tested with the Ohio Contrast Cards (OCC) found that CS correlated with vision-related QoL, whereas visual acuity did not. 9 This study provides some evidence that CS may be more sensitive than VA to aspects of vision-related QoL.

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In-school eyecare in special education settings has measurable benefits for children’s vision and behaviour

Black¹,

McConnell²,

McKerr³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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Objectives To determine whether implementation of comprehensive in-school eyecare results in measurable benefits for children and young people in terms of visual status, classroom behaviours and how well their visual needs are met. Design School-based observational study. Participants & Methods 200 pupils [mean age 10 years 9 months, 70% male, majority moderate (40%) or severe (35%) learning difficulty] of a special education school in the UK. A sector-agreed in-school eyecare framework including full eye examination and cycloplegic refraction, dispensing of spectacles (as appropriate) and written reporting of outcomes to parents/teachers was applied. Classroom behaviours were observed and recorded prior to, and after, the in-school eyecare. Surveys were employed to obtain visual histories from parents/teachers. School records and statutory documents were reviewed for diagnostic and learning disability classifications. Visual function and ocular health were profiled at baseline and significant visual deficits identified. Where such deficits were previously unrecognised, untreated or not compensated for (e.g. correction of refractive error, enlargement of educational material) they were recorded as ‘unmet visual need’. At follow-up, 2–5 months after initial (baseline) measures, eye examinations, parent/teacher surveys and behaviour observations were repeated. Follow-up measures were used to determine if measurable improvements were evident in visual function, ocular health, the level of unmet need and classroom behaviour following implementation of in-school eyecare. Results 199 participants completed baseline and follow-up measures. 122 (61%) participants presented with at least one significant visual or ocular health deficit and 90 (45%) participants had at least one unmet visual need. Younger pupils and those with no previous history of eyecare were more likely to demonstrate unmet visual needs at baseline (OR 1.12 95% CI 1.03 to 1.21) p = 0.012; (OR 4.44 95% CI 1.38 to 14.29 p = 0.007 respectively). On follow-up, the number of pupils with unmet visual needs dropped significantly to 36 (18%) (McNemar’s test p<0.001). Visual and behavioural metrics of participants without significant visual deficits or whose visual needs were adequately addressed at baseline remained relatively unchanged between baseline and follow-up (Wilcoxon signed rank p>0.05). Where significant refractive deficits were corrected at follow-up, near visual acuity improved significantly (Wilcoxon signed rank p = 0.013), however, poor spectacle compliance was a persistent cause of unmet visual need. Off-task behaviour reduced significantly after actions to address unmet visual needs were communicated to parents and teachers (Wilcoxon signed rank p = 0.035). Conclusions The present study demonstrates for the first time measurable visual and behaviour benefits to children in special education settings w...

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A new contrast sensitivity test for young children?The Cardiff contrast test

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Neurodevelopment in normocephalic children with and without prenatal Zika virus exposure

Neurodevelopment in normocephalic children with and without prenatal Zika virus exposure

A New Contrast Sensitivity Test for Pediatric Patients: Feasibility and Inter-Examiner Reliability in Ocular Disorders and Cerebral Visual Impairment

In-school eyecare in special education settings has measurable benefits for children’s vision and behaviour

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