“…In combination with other platforms and technologies, MBs are now used for protein assays, [21,22] enzyme monitoring, [16][17][18] mRNA tracing in living cells, [12,14,99] biosensors, [19,20,80,82] and molecular computing. [119,122] MB aptamers, [123][124][125][126][127] for example, are protein probes that combine the advantages of the signal-transduction mechanism of MBs and the specificity of molecular recognition by aptamers. [128,129,136,137] They can be used for the highly sensitive and selective detection of proteins and cells.…”