A new DOI detector design using discrete crystal array with depth-dependent reflector patterns and single-ended readout

Lee, Seungjae; Lee, Chaeyeong; Kang, Jihoon; Chung, Yong Hyun

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2016.10.052

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In the past, depth encoding PET detectors were mainly developed for PET scanners with high spatial resolution and small detector ring diameter such as small animal, dedicated brain and breast PET scanners that have big DOI effects (Eriksson et al 2002, Wang et al 2006, Yamaya et al 2008, Miyake et al 2014, Yang et al 2016, Watanabe et al 2017, Krishnamoorthy et al 2018. Depth encoding methods include dual-ended readout of pixelated long scintillation crystal array (Moses and Derenzo 1994, Shao et al 2000, Yang et al 2006, 2009a, Kang et al 2011, Kuang et al 2018a, segmented crystal bars by using a subsurface laser engraving technique with singleended readout (Mohammadi et al 2018), multi-layer PET detectors (Seidel et al 1999, Zhang et al 2002, Tsuda et al 2004, Watanabe et al 2017, monolithic scintillation detector (Bruyndonckx et al 2004, Schaart et al 2009, Borghi et al 2016, semi-monolithic scintillation detector (Zhang et al 2017) and single-layer scintillation crystals with single-ended readout (Yang et al 2009b, Ito et al 2013, Uchida et al 2016, Lee et al 2017. All depth encoding PET detector technologies increase the cost of either scintillation crystals or electronics, or even both as compared to the non-depth encoding PET detector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of a depth encoding PET detector module using light sharing and single-ended readout with SiPMs

et al. 2019

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Detectors with depth encoding capability, good energy resolution and good timing resolution are required to develop high performance whole body and total body PET scanners. In this work, an 8 × 8 LYSO array with crystal size of 3 × 3 × 20 mm3 was fabricated by using coupling materials that included 5 mm optical glue, 9 mm triangle ESR reflector and 6 mm rectangle ESR reflector from the top to the bottom in between adjacent crystals in one direction. The LYSO array was single-ended read out by an 8 × 8 SiPM array with one-to-one coupling. Row and column summing circuit was used to read out the SiPM signals. The depth of interaction (DOI) of the detector was measured with the depth dependent light sharing between adjacent crystals while maintaining acceptable energy resolution and timing resolution. The performance of the detector module was evaluated. All crystals can be clearly resolved from the measured flood histogram. An average DOI resolution of 4.62 mm and an average timing resolution of 518 ps are obtained for events with E > 400 keV. The average energy resolution of the detector is 13.5%. This work provides a cost-effective depth encoding detector module that can be used to build high performance whole body and total body PET scanners in the future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of a depth encoding PET detector module using light sharing and single-ended readout with SiPMs

et al. 2019

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“…The proposed design has several potential merits because it additionally required only a simple RCD network and a horizontal-striped glass for construction of DOI-PET. Certain technical challenges and performance trade-offs may be avoided or minimized with this approach, compared to conventional approaches: cumbersome algorithms for pulse shape discrimination and timing performance degradation for crystal layers by using different types of crystals in phoswich DOI detector [7], fine mechanical alignment techniques for relative offset of one-half a crystal pitch in offset DOI detector [8], high manufacturing cost for additional photosensors or readout electronics and compact ASIC requirement for minimized gamma ray attenuation or scatter in dual-ended readout configuration [9], time consuming crystal manufacture for a specially designed crystal reflector structure in modified reflector approach [10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous methods have been investigated for the design of the DOI-PET detector. There are still certain technical challenges and performance trade-offs in these methods [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. In our previous study, we have demonstrated feasibility of a DOI-PET detector inserting glass plates between top-and bottom-crystal block [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of a depth-encoding PET detector inserting horizontal-striped glass between crystal layers

et al. 2018

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A depth-encoding positron emission tomography (PET) detector inserting a horizontal-striped glass between pixilated scintillation crystal layers was developed and experimentally evaluated. The detector consists of 2-layers of 4×4 LYSO array arranged with a 3.37 mm pitch. Horizontal-striped glasses with 1×4 array with different thickness of 3, 4 and 5 mm were inserted between top- and bottom-crystal layers. Bottom surface of bottom-layer was optically coupled to a 4×4 GAPD array. Sixteen output signals from DOI-PET detector were multiplexed by modified resistive charge division (RCD) networks and multiplexed signals were fed into custom-made charge-sensitive preamplifiers. The four amplified signals were digitized and recorded by the custom-made DAQ system based on FPGA. The four digitized outputs were post-processed and converted to flood histograms for each interaction event. Experimental results revealed that all crystal pixels were clearly identified on the 2D flood histogram without overlapping. Patterns of the 2D flood histogram were constituted with arrangements of [bottom–top–bottom–top–\ldots–top–bottom–top–bottom] crystal responses in X-direction. These could be achieved by employing horizontal-striped glass that controlled the extent of light dispersion towards the X-direction in crystal layers for generation of a different position mapping for each layer and the modified RCD network that controls degree of charge sharing in readout electronics for reduction of identification error. This study demonstrated the proposed DOI-PET detector can extract the 3D γ-ray interaction position without considerable performance degradation of PET detector from the 2D flood histogram.

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“…The LSW method can encode the DOI information into the distribution of the scintillating photons, resulting in different flood maps [32]. For single-ended readout DOI detectors based on LSW methods, the size, shape, position, and the number of windows have substantial impacts on light distributions and the accuracy of DOI measurements [32], [33], [34], [35]. The main limitation of LSW designs is that the DOI performance of crystals on the same array is not uniform, and some crystals may even have no DOI capability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Ended Readout Depth-of-Interaction Measurements Based on Random Forest Algorithm

Cheng

Wang

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci.

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The depth-of-interaction (DOI) information can reduce parallax errors and improve the spatial resolution of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Current DOI detectors, with either single-ended readout design or dual-ended readout design, usually require substantial changes to the crystal arrays and/or readout electronics. In this work, we proposed a single-ended readout DOI estimation approach with minimal changes in the detector hardware design, using a supervised machine learning algorithm, random forest (RF). The energy value measured from one end of the crystal, combined with sample points of the pulse signal, were used as inputs to the DOI estimation algorithm, which provided a DOI performance close to that of the dual-ended readout design. We compared the proposed single-ended RF method with the classic dual-ended energy ratio method and a dual-ended version of the RF method, using positioning error and resolution as performance metrics for DOI estimation. All three methods achieved average absolute DOI positioning errors of <1.00 mm and average DOI resolutions of <2.20 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM). More specifically, we achieved the averaged DOI resolutions of 2.15, 1.80, and 1.93 mm FWHM for the single-ended RF method, dual-ended RF method, and dual-ended energy ratio method, respectively. In conclusion, the single-ended RF method achieved comparable performance without extra photodetectors and readout electronics and may provide a feasible solution for DOI estimation.

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A new DOI detector design using discrete crystal array with depth-dependent reflector patterns and single-ended readout

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Performance of a depth encoding PET detector module using light sharing and single-ended readout with SiPMs

Performance of a depth encoding PET detector module using light sharing and single-ended readout with SiPMs

Experimental study of a depth-encoding PET detector inserting horizontal-striped glass between crystal layers

Single-Ended Readout Depth-of-Interaction Measurements Based on Random Forest Algorithm

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